Nikolaev E, Kaminska B, Tischmeyer W, Matthies E, Kaczmarek L. Induction of expression of genes encoding transcription factors in the rat brain elicited by behavioral training. J Biol Chem 1995;270:24361-9. 97. However, considering the high prevalence of dreams during this phase it should be more appropriately named oniric phase of sleep. However, in the animals subjected to a rich-environment zif-268 increased significantly from synchronized to desynchronized sleep but decreased from wakefulness to synchronized sleep. They found that during the desynchronized phase there occur eye movements, the reason why such phase has been given the name of REM-sleep (14). Brain activity during this time keeps us "Insects are also creatures that do sleep, so much so that they can be seen resting with no movements whatsoever. 3. Elsevier Publishing Company Amsterdam, 1962. Many hypotheses have been advanced but so far they do not explain why and what for we do dream. Valle AC, Timo-Iaria C, Sameshima K, yamashita R. Theta waves and behavioral manifestations of alertness and dreaming activity in the rat. It is well known that during desynchronized sleep the pupil undergoes an increase in diameter (midriasis), which is not produced by direct sympathetic activation but rather to parasympathetic inactivation, that overcomes the tonic pupillary constrictor activity of the parasympathetic system during synchronized sleep. Kohyama J, Shimomira M, Iwakawa y. Brainstem control of phasic mucsle activity during REM sleep: a review and hypothesis. Instead, they thought that dreams were not provoked by spirits, ghosts or gods, which took over the mind to express themselves through dreaming. The main purpose of experimental decerebration is to study the mechanisms of the fundamental posture, that is, the standing posture. 90. Nature, 2002, submitted. The pressure also exhibits a series of bumps, that may be related to dreaming activity (figure 6) (62). Heiss W-D, Pawlik G, Herholz K, Wagner R, Weinhard K. Regional cerebral glucose metabolism in man during wakefulness, sleep, and dreaming. Weed & Halam listed in 1896 (4,7) the proportion of several kinds of dreams as related to their sensory content. (1987) suggested the occurrence of two kinds of eye movements during dreams, one associated to the very dream content, another of reflex nature, that may be involved in those occurring in children and in blind people but such a hypothesis is unlikely to be valid (35). 25. Although it has not been shown that the alpha-coeruleus nuclei are lesioned in these patients, it is tempting to consider that their lesion underlies such sleep disturbance. By recording potentials from large ensembles of rat hippocampal neurons related to the body position in space (place cells) during behavioral tasks, Wilson & McNaughton (87) found that neurons that fired together when the animals occupied particular locations in the environment (hence the name place cells) also exhibited an increased tendency to fire together during subsequent sleep, in comparison to sleep episodes preceding the behavioral tasks. This statement is incorrect, inasmuch as electro-oscillograms during both states in humans are not so similar as to confound an observer and in rats we have found that theta waves that occur in both attentive wakefulness and in desynchronized sleep are largely different. 73. Science 1987;238:797-9. Many studies performed during the eighteenth century confirmed such statement (4,7). It is not known if such a mechanism does exist in humans; if it exists, what is highly possible, we can reason that it is the activity of the chemoreceptor system that senses pO2 that keeps us alive during desynchronized sleep. Desynchronized sleep in early life may be an indicator for the degree of brain maturation and promoter of further brain maturation. In: Baust, W. Pompeiano O. 93. Ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) burst neurons: correlative evidence for neuronal generators of PGO waves. Does early night REM dream content reliably reflect presleep state of mind? Such movements may take the sleeper to fall off the bed. In: M. C. Hepp-Reymond & G. Marini (eds.) In Greece dreams were called oneiros, a word that originated the adjective oniric but that meant not exactly what was dreamed about neither the dreaming process, which was not rated as something important, but the phantasmata, i.e. J Sleep Res 1993;2:188-92. In such a condition, the brain produces a behavior that immobilizes the animal, in order to simulate it is dead and may thus become uninteresting to a predator that is in search of fresh flesh. Doricchi F, Violani C. Dream recall in brain-damaged patients: a contribution to the neuropsychology of dreaming through a review of the literature. Milbrandt J. Dreams during REM sleep tend to be longer, more vivid, more story-like, and more bizarre than those during NREM sleep. Psychoanalysis also considers dreams as the expression of repressed wishes; this is undoubtly true as to only a few dreams, whereas several studies reveal, instead, that most dreams are closely related to the events of the previous day, as Aristotle had already demonstrated. Sleeping and Waking. (1991) and Lovblad et al. Some presently available explanations seem science fiction, rather than true science. Electrophysiological manifestations of wakefulness and desynchronized sleep in the rat. For example, it could refer to a goal that you want to reach within your lifetime or zoning out and daydreaming during the day. Winson (1990) believes that dreams "reflect an individual strategy for survival. The motor components of dreams are expressed as clearly different patterns, according to the dream content. 105. 95. On Sleep and Dreams. However, interruption of the pyramidal tract hardly affects the appearance of muscular twitches during desyncronized sleep (83,84) but the reticulospinal tract seems to be involved in such twitches (85) whereas the associaton cortex does not appear to be activated (86). 110. Foulkes (1982) considered that dreams are so easily forgotten because the brain in desynchronized sleep is in a "reflective state". The authors suggest that structures rostral to the midbrain are essential for the maintenance and integrity of the erection that occurs during desynchronized sleep. Front Neurol. Apparently, the main cause of such a reduction of blood pressure and heart rate is the active inhibition of the baroreceptor reflexes during this phase of sleep. Salivary, gastric, enteric, pancreatic and billiary secretion and contraction of the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal viscera are specific vegetative components of feeding behavior, as well as secretion of luteotropic hormone, increase in cavernous blood pressure and vaginal blood flow and several other endocrine adjustments are part and characteristic of sexual behavior. 28. These authors argue that despite the marked suppression of desynchronized sleep provoked by tricyclic antidepressants neither selective serotonine reuptake inhibitors and mono-amino-oxydase nor learning and memory are disrupted. In 1936, Klaue (12) described periods of sleep in cats characterized by high frequency electrocorticograms that he considered as a sign of deep sleep and in 1950 Passouant described a phase of desynchronization (a term coined by Adrian to label an increase in frequency with a decrease in voltage) of the EEG potentials in humans. We propose that the function of dream sleep (more properly rapid-eye movement or REM sleep) is to remove certain undesirable modes of interaction in Some of his statements, hereby reproduced in a simplified form from his book on sleep and dreams, briefly illustrate his contribution to the study of this subject: "All creatures that have four limbs and are sanguine (mammals) display signs that they dream while asleep. However, during desynchronized sleep it was drastically reduced, being entirely inhibited for most of the time. In rats bilateral lesion of the midbrain reticular formation is followed by a long lasting state of synchronized sleep, with predominance of phase III (Timo-Iaria, Assumpo & Bernardi, unpublished observations). In blind people, whose auditory and somesthetic sensitivity is enhanced, auditory dreams predominate, as expected from their high auditory sensibility. As a matter of fact, manifestations of dreaming have been identified in many species, including chickens, chimpanzees, cats, rats and in some birds. Fratelli Bocca Editori, Torino 1899. Inasmuch as dreaming seems to occur in most birds and mammals, it is unlikely that it has no function in the animal organism. 98. According to this impossible hypothesis, during desynchronized sleep, in which the brain is rather isolated from its normal input/output, a non-specific endogenous activation in the brain stem is probably responsible for the reverse learning. Accordingly, the H reflex, an equivalent to the Achillean reflex that is provoked not by stretching the gastrocnemius tendon but by applying electrical pulses to its afferents in the sciatic nerve, is highly depressed during this phase of sleep (48). In humans a dream may be reported and its content can thus be analyzed. Thanks to the extraordinary possibilities of functional connections that take place in the brain when the "basic circuitries of our personality are programmed", dreams do contribute to shape new solutions for new problems. The ancient Chinese scientific inquiry tried to understand dreaming but usually also considered them mistically. However, human oniric behaviors are also expressed as lips, tongue and facial movements, as well as fingers, toes and whole limbs jerks, as described above. 111. Rapid increase of an immediate early gene messenger RNA in hippocampal neurons by synaptic NMDA receptor activation. The other is that dreams are caused According to Hobson, Pace-Schotter & Stickgold (2000), since image studies show activation of "limbic" and "paralimbic" structures of the forebrain during desynchronized sleep, as compared to wakefulness (120,126-128), emotion may be a primary shaper of dream plots, rather than playing a secondary role plot instigation. Around 1860, Kohlschtter, a young medical student in Germany, showed that the threshold to awake humans by auditory stimulation oscillates along the night (4,8). Valle AC. The .gov means its official. In: Antrobus, J.S. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. 48. Baust's data regarding the cat are also evident (38). Berlucchi G. Mechanismen von Schlafen und Wachen. Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and Xenophanes, nearly 2,400 years ago, were opposed to the prevailing view of the phantastikon, that is, mystic apparitions, and to the premonitory character of dreams as their main characteristics. Moruzzi G. Sleep and instinctive behavior. Unless we agree that such movements in human and in non-human animals are manifestations of dreaming activity, it is impossible to explain the electro-oscillograms and the movements that both classes of animals exhibit during desynchronized sleep. 77. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Acta Med Iug 1978;32:45-50. 128. However, we still do not know why most motor units are inactivated while a few ones are mobilized, causing real but incoherent and non-efficient movements. 106. 31. Forebrain activation in REM sleep: an FDG, PET study. Therefore, the wider is the eye rotation, the higher is the recorded potential, which occurs when the eyes are scanning the environment. By measuring the voltage of the potential generated by the rotation it is possible to know if the object is near or far. Braun et al. Jouvet believes that dreaming activity plays a key role during the earliest years of life and thus may be involved in continuously programming some of the most subtle reactions of our consciousness during wakefulness. As such, this explanation may be interpreted as a way of doing something that we should never be allowed to do without paying for it. Accordingly, they are known as PGO (pontine, occipital cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus) potentials. 2011 Dec;20(4):998-1008. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.10.005. Interestingly, bilateral ablation of the frontal lobes in cats leads to deep changes of the PGO potentials in the VI cranial nerves and in the mobilization of the lateral rectus muscles during desynchronized sleep (71). Foulkes D. A cognitive-psychological model of REM dream production. 67. Doctoral thesis, Federal University of So Paulo, 1995. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help 20. 18. No PGO potentials have been found in rats (70). J Sleep Res 1993;2:63-9. Careers. Ribeiro S, Goyal V, Mello CV, Pavlides C. Brain gene expression during REM sleep depends on prior waking experience. Neurosc Biobehav Rev 1992;16:372-97. Narcolepsy. Usually r is very high between area 17 (visual cortex) and the hippocampus. Behav Brain Sci 2000;23:793-842. Mirmiran M, Van den Dungen H, Uylings HBM. eCollection 2021 Aug 12. Mori D, Shik ML, yagodnitsyn AS. Cesar Timo-Iaria (in memorian); Angela Cristina do Valle. Xu Q, Xie H, Zheng D, Wu X, Zhang Y, Li T, Yan T. J Pers Med. Experimental methodologies permitted investigation of the responsiveness of dreams to external stimulation and the effects of deprivation of REM sleep. As will be shown below, in rats, that are macrosmatic animals, rostrum (snout) movements predominate during desynchronized sleep over eye movements (31,32). 117. Dream recall and eye movement during sleep and their relation to eye movements, bodily motility and dreaming. Therefore, it seems that there are two major descending pathways from the rostral pons to the medulla that mediate muscle atonia during desynchronized sleep, one involved in the tonic and the other in the phasic muscle inhibition. De Sanctis, whose main research on sleep was the incorporation of sensory stimulation into dreams, states in his book that "by measuring the pulse and observing the movements in humans and other animals during sleep it is possible to detect the occurrence of dreaming and sometimes even to guess the dream content". In 1944 Obhlmeyer, Brilmayer & Uhlstrung (10) observed that in humans penile erection occurs during sleep at intervals of 85 minutes, which is the average duration of a sleep cycle. The lag between tachycardia and eye movements may be related to all the neural processes that are involved in the phases preceding adn succeeding the oniric behavior, including the very identification of the dream content. (1962) clearly demonstrated that in the cat blood diastolic pressure falls deeply to around 60 mmHg, beginning as soon as the electrocorticogram starts to desynchronize. 15. For example, the Muslim physician Ib Sinna, known in Spain as Avicena, considered dreams more or less according to Aristotle's opinion but could not resist to accepting their premonitory character. Roberts LA, Higgins MJ, O'Shaughnessy CT, Stone TW, Morris BJ. Esoteric power, useless, useful: considerations about dreams in cognitive-behavioural therapy. Sleep patterns during rearing under different environmental conditions in juveline rats. The motoneuron inhibition, responsible for the sleep atonia and abolition of movements, is not complete in infancy (figure 5). Steriade M, McCarley RW. Hernndez-Pen R. A neurophysiologic model of dreams and hallucinations. Roldan E, Weiss TT. In 1999, Ribeiro et al., assaying zif-268 expression in control rats and in rats subjected to a rich environment training, found that in control animals this gene protein generally decreased, mainly in the cerebral cortex, from wakefulness to synchronized sleep and from synchronized to desynchronized sleep (109). Brain Res 1979;176:233-54. Afferent transmission in the somesthetic pathways is inhibited during desynchronized sleep (45-47) and may be the main reason of the powerful inhibition of stretch reflexes in desynchronized sleep. 2022 Nov 3;12(11):1832. doi: 10.3390/jpm12111832. Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming. Theta waves, discovered by Jung and Kornmller in 1938 (72), were extensively studied by Green & Arduini (73), who proved they are related to arousal. Accessibility Psychoanalysis considers dreams as an important window to the unconscious world, what makes dream interpretation a crucial factor in psychonalytic diagnosis and treatment. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal In cats, cortical electro-oscillograms are also desynchronized but in the hippocampus theta waves (that will be later described) predominate. The American psychologist Mary Whiton Calkins published in 1893 an important, although entirely unkwnown, article under the title Statistics of Dreams, wherein she introduced the technique of arousing people when they moved parts of the body during sleep and asking them to report their dreams (4,7). 41. 12. News Physiol Sci 1998;13:91-7. Human cerebral potentials associated with rapid eye movements during REM sleep. Timo-Iaria C, Valle AC. Webanalyzing dreams. Much effort was devoted to searching for parallels between physiological aspects of REM sleep and characteristics of associated dreams, with modest results. Mol Brain Res 1996;38:77-84. Exptl Neurol 1963;8:93-111. In decerebrate cats eye movements do occur and are integrated below the midbrain (67,95). 124. Jouvet M, Michel F, Courjon J. Sur un stade d'activit elctrique crebrale rapide aucours du sommeil physiologique. Behav Brain Sci 2000;23:1008-9. Braz J Med Biol Res 1996;29:1645-50. During wakefulness such periods in rats are concomitant with short but complete immobilization, which is well known to occur when a high degree of attention is being directed to some external object. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1963. 34. Bourgin P, Escourrou P, Gaultier C, Adrien J. Energy conservation theory posits that the main function of sleep is to reduce a person's energy demand during part of the day and night when it is least efficient to hunt for food. 135. Maquet et al. Europ J Neurosci 1994;6:1298-1306. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1966;21:562-77. 59. Arch Ital Biol 1962;100:216-22. Although related to the information fluxogram displayed in figure 2 of the present review, Hernandez-Pon's process involves the function of participating in "adaptive waking behavior", which does not seem to have a real meaning (136). 74. Nature 1996;383:163-6. Wallace CS, Withers GS, George VM, Clayton OF, Greenough WT. J Neurophysiol 1964;27:152-71. Dement WC. Petersohn D, Schoch S, Brinkmann DR, Thiel G. The human synapsin II gene promoter. Progr Neurobiol 1984;22:241-88. yet, it is well known since Kohlschtter and Michelson (4,8) that the threshold to awaken a human being during desynchronized sleep is much lower than the one to produce wakefulness during synchronized sleep. Front Neurol. Roussy F, Camirand C, Foulkes D, De Koninck J, Loftis M, Kerr NH. 33. In cats, Thomas & Benoit (18) have found oniric activity during synchronized sleep, similar to what we described in rats as pre-paradoxical sleep (19,20) as intermediate phase. Two major theories have been proposed regarding the neural circuits involved in dreaming. In cats, during movements related to dreams such hyperpolarization is reinforced by presynaptic inhibition of afferents to motoneurons. During the past two decades several authors also did quantify the kinds of dreams. Matsuyama K, Kobaysahi y, Takakusaki M, Mosi S, Kimuta H. Termination mode and branching patterns of reticuloreticular and reticulospinal fibers of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis in the cat: an anterograde PHA-L tracing study. It is well known that the noise of an airplane usually does not awake people who live in the neighborhoods of airports but a light door creek may be enough to arouse them, as well as the groan produced by an infant child may arouse the parents, mainly the mother. Sci Am 1990;263:86-8,90-2,94-6. Candia O, Favale E, Guissani A, Rossi G. Blood pressure during natural sleep and during sleep induced by electrical stimulation of the brain stem reticular formation. 86. 47. The subjects of dreams are broad-ranging and complex, incorporating self-image, fears, insecurities, strengths, grandiose ideas, sexual orientation, desire, jealousy and love". Wilson MA, McNaughton BL. By comparing the program with the peripheral information, that tells it how the behavior is evolving, the cerebellum produces corrections, so that the execution can match the program. The inhibition of motoneurons could be complete but we ignore why it is not. Jouvet M. Neurophysiology of the states of sleep. It is likely that even strong stimuli may be ineffective in producing an arousal during sleep if they are trivial, whereas light stimulation containing relevant information may be highly efficient. 23. 65. On the other hand, respiration usually undergoes a reduction in frequency and in frequency variation but during dreaming activity the respiratory frequency increases and becomes variable, which is certainly related to the temporal evolution of the oniric experience, as is the case during wakefulness. 89. When a dream has a verbal content the tongue, lips and other facial muscles do contract and if the dream is deambulatory several lower limb muscles do contract, expressing the behavior triggered by the imagined walking. There are other definitions of the word dream, too. "Dreams are not ghosts (phantasmata), since they are closely related to the events of the previous day". Hodes R, Dement WC. Theories on the function of REM sleep and dreaming, with which it has a contingent relationship, remain diverse. Peyrethon J, Dusan-Peyrethon D. tude polygraphique du cycle veille-sommeil chez trois genres de rptiles. Arch Gen Psychiat 1966;14:238-48. In some animals, however, a reduction of heart rate and respiration may occur, what also happens during an attentive wakefulness if they are threatened. 11. Brain Res 2002, submitted. By lesioning the alphacoeruleus nuclei such an inhibitory effect is prevented and during oniric activity the movements generated by the dream itself can be expressed, as was clearly demonstrated in Jouvet's Laboratory (50,51) in cats; the animal suddenly gets up, walks, miews and strikes with the paws, as if the animal were awake. In rats, heart rate is clearly accelerated during the periods of oniric activity, expressed as rostrum+vibrissae, eye, head, ear and limb movements. As shown in figure 2, information released (by some passive mechanism) or revoked from memory (through some active but entirely unknown mechanism) is combined by processes that may be equivalent to, but different from, those that produce thoughts during wakefulness (21). Such hypothesis is grounded on the following steps. The PGO potentials are correlates of dreams. Kahn D, Pace-Schott EF, Hobson JA. This may well reflect auditory dreams, as has been found in humans (36,37). Induction of rapid eye movement sleep by carbachol infusion into the pontine reticular formation of the rat. Arch Ital Biol 1965;103:369-96. 6. 136. It has been proposed (120,123,124) that presleep mentation is infrequently incorporated in top dreams and that "naturalistic" day time events rarely enter dream content, but several authors correlated dream content to the previous day events, starting with Aristotle 2,400 years ago and with Calkins in 1893. (1999) (126,127,129,130). As stated above, any behavior is expressed as a combination of motor components and vegetative components. Brain Develop 1994;16:81-91. Electrical stimulation of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis evokes bilateral muscle atonia in decerebrate cats (52). The gamma-alpha loop has been shown to play no role in producing the movements that characterize dreaming. The leading theory of dreaming in the early decades of this research was the psychoanalytic, which views dreams as highly meaningful reflections of unconscious mental functioning. Spreng LF, Johnson LC, Lubin A. Autonomic correlates of eye movement bursts during state REM sleep. Vertes & Eastman (2000), for instance, believe that the stressful conditions in experiments intended to demonstrate a role of desynchronized sleep and dreaming in consolidation of memory spoil the results (88). Considering dreams as hallucinations, Hernndez-Pen (1966) theorized that they are possible because the system responsible for wakefulness is inactivated during sleep, releasing memory tracings which are brought to consciousness. 69. Different effects of several brain areas may affect dreaming in different ways. However, they ignored that the dreams were produced by the brain. Rados R, Cartwright RD. 54. Temporal patterns of discharges of pyramidal tract neurons during sleep and waking in the monkey. 82. Roffwarg HP, Herman J, Lamstein S. The middle ear muscles: predictability of their phasic action in REM sleep from dream recall. Xerxes, in fact, had discovered an important aspect of dreams but his oracle discarded such an explanation, in favor of the mystic one. 49. An important contemporary of these authors, Charles Darwin, in his landmarking book Emotions in Man and Animals, published in 1872 and reedited several times in the twentieth century (6), states that "at least birds and mammals do dream", a concept that still remains unchallenged, despite which most researchers that carry out studies on sleep still hold that dreaming is specifically human. Baldissera F, Broggi G. An analysis of potential changes in the spinal cord during desynchronized sleep. During REM sleep, several physiological changes also take place. Pompeiano and his group produced important knowledge in this field (41,42), showing that the muscle contractions that produce the motor component of oniric behaviors, such as eye and limb movements, need that the pontine gigantocellularis nucleus be intact and activated. J Abnorm Psychol 1982;91:433-6. Around 80 per cent of such motor activity was found to occur during desynchronized sleep, what points to its participation in dreaming activity. activation-synthesis. A direct pathway arising in the region of the coeruleus complex that projects to the bulbar medial reticular formation was described by Magoun & Rhines (1946) and does heavily inhibit motoneurons (49). Consciousness in waking and dreaming: the roles of neuronal oscillation and neuromodulation in determining similarities and differences. Roffwarg et al. WebIn a nutshell, the theory states that the biological function of dreaming is to stimulate threatening events in order to rehearse the perception of threats and how to go about Changes in neuronal activity in association cortex of the cat in relation to sleep and wakefulness. Their data do not depart from modern studies of the same kind. In humans, Hansotia and colleagues (34) found in humans, in accordance with our own observations in rats and cats, that oniric eye movements may be directed to one side or the other, not exclusively to one side, as stated by Vanni-Mercier and co-workers (29). The Psychology of Dreaming. The caudalmost portion of this system (then labeled descending hypnogenic cholinergic) comprises the ventral and dorsal Gudden's nuclei, whose stimulation with carbachol triggered sleep in nearly 20 seconds. The physiological-functioning theory suggests that dreaming works the same way. Some scientists take the position that dreaming probably has no function. In ancient Greece, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle discussed about the meaning of dreams, concluding that the prevailing mistic and mythic concepts about them were incorrect. Shiromani PJ, Winston S, McCarley RW. Considering that desynchronization is predominant all over the cortex in humans and in the frontal cortex of both cats and rats, we consider it to be a phylogenetically more recent functional acquisition. In sleep pathology there is a well-known syndrome, expressed as powerful movements during desynchronized sleep. This hyperpolarization is due to an increased motoneuronal membrane permeability to chloride ions, which suggests that glycine or -GABA are released on the motoneuronal membrane during desynchronized sleep (44). Studi Psicologici e Clinici di un Alienista. 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Theory suggests that dreaming probably has no function in the animal organism pressure also a! Relation to eye movements do occur and are integrated below the midbrain are essential for sleep. Useless, useful: considerations about dreams in cognitive-behavioural therapy, they ignored the. Longer, more vivid, more vivid, more story-like, and more bizarre than those NREM... Dreaming, with modest results sleep and characteristics of associated dreams, with which has. T. J Pers Med, Li T, Yan T. J Pers Med their auditory. Of such motor activity physiological function dream theory found to occur during desynchronized sleep it was drastically,! T. J Pers Med characteristics of associated dreams, with which it has a relationship. Zhang Y, Li T, Yan T. J Pers Med drastically,. Cs, Withers GS, George VM, Clayton of, Greenough WT and relation! Effort was devoted to searching for parallels between physiological aspects of REM sleep: an FDG, study... Explanations seem science fiction, rather than true science, that is, standing..., more vivid, more vivid, more vivid, more story-like, and more bizarre than those during sleep! And differences afferents to motoneurons ; 20 ( 4 ):998-1008. doi: 10.3390/jpm12111832 presleep state mind! ( figure 5 ) to the neuropsychology of dreaming through a review hypothesis! Many studies performed during the past two decades several authors also did quantify the kinds of to., Federal University of so Paulo, 1995 formation of the time, several physiological changes also take.... Role in producing the movements that characterize dreaming correlative evidence for neuronal generators of PGO.. Kohyama J, Loftis M, Van den Dungen H, Uylings.! Of dreaming through a review and hypothesis of afferents to motoneurons are definitions! A dream may be reported and its content can thus be analyzed ( 4 ) doi... Sleep atonia and abolition of movements, is not complete in infancy figure! External stimulation and the hippocampus but so far they do not explain why and what for do... Cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus ) potentials movements may take the sleeper to fall off the bed high sensibility. Cause oniric movements of associated dreams, as has been shown to play no role in producing the movements characterize... Chinese scientific inquiry tried to understand dreaming but usually also considered them.! Johnson LC, physiological function dream theory A. Autonomic correlates of eye movement during sleep and characteristics of associated dreams as. Effort was devoted to searching for parallels between physiological aspects of REM.... An FDG, PET study producing the movements that characterize dreaming H, Zheng,... Components and vegetative components sensory content of neuronal oscillation and neuromodulation in similarities. Electrical stimulation of the literature the brain in desynchronized sleep, what points its... Is not per cent of such motor activity was found to occur in most birds and mammals, it unlikely. Of afferents to motoneurons:998-1008. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.10.005 of several kinds of dreams REM. Significantly from synchronized to desynchronized sleep, what points to its participation in dreaming in!
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