Resp. 22:15). Corrections? In order to do so, 10,000 ostraca had to be inscribed with the unlucky man's name. A tablet of soft limestone inscribed in a paleo-Hebrew script, the Gezer Calendar is one of the oldest known examples of Hebrew writing, dating to the 10th century BCE. Probably following this tradition, a lead scroll inscribed with Psalm 80 in Greek was found at Rhodes. Kel. 2008 The Gale Group. The Gezer Calendar reveals pottery working details. Associate Professor of Neurology and lover of the Cradle of Civilization, Mesopotamia. W.F. ta'ar, cf. 2:4, where erased paper is equated with diftera (Gr., ), hide which has been treated with salt and flour, but not with gall nuts). At the end of the third century B.C.E., Greek scribes living in Egypt invented a new type of reed pen pointed and split at the end. 32:4). Er. Some scholars believe that the inscription is not a calendar, but a record which gives a rotation of agricultural labors, written for some unknown administrative purpose. Cross, in: ibid., 824; 9 (1969), 2027; idem, in: D.N. In classical Hebrew this extended into poetic renderings of plural adjectives, as in Mah gdl maasikh [], med mq mahshevtikh, How great are Your deeds Your designs are very deep (Tehilim / Psalms 92:6), or Mah-tv halikh [], How good are your tents [] (Bemidbar / Numbers 24:5). The number of inscriptions found in Palestine is relatively small. This method is already noted in the Mishnah: "If a man wrote [on his skin] pricked-in writing [he is culpable] but only if he writes it and pricks it in with ink or eye-paint or aught that leaves a lasting mark" (Mak. Non-permanent writing materials are given as leaves of leeks, onions, vegetables, and the sorb apple tree. 2:19; 6:1, 2, 6) are noteworthy. 5:1131), since the Bible explicitly states that the writing had to be erased in the bitter waters. In Shemot / Exodus 9:31-32, hail in the first half of Nisan destroys the barley and flax crops, which were already mature enough to be inflexible: since the barley was avv and the flax was stalk ( , ). [iii] The month name Heshvan originates in a phrase meaning Eighth Moon in Akkadian, Warhu Samnu, notes Ernest Klein. Furthermore, the ostraca provide some idea of the caliber and diffusion of writing among the bureaucracy, army personnel, and local scribes in ancient Israel. Web. In fact, the word asf (the act of collecting or gathering agricultural produce) is still associated with Tishrei: The full moon of Tishrei marks the beginning of the weeklong Sukkt festival, which is also referred to in the Torah as Hag ha-asf ( ), or the Holiday of Gathering (agricultural produce), using the same word for gathering in agricultural produce immortalized by the Gezer poet millennia ago. Macalister of the Palestine Exploration Fund while excavating the ancient Canaanite city of Gezer, 20 miles west of Jerusalem. This script as well as an earlier attempt to adapt the cuneiform signs to surfaces other than clay by giving them linear form (personal name incised on a pottery jar from Hazor, arrowhead from Lebanon) did not survive the disappearance of the Babylonian scribal centers in Canaan and Syria toward the end of the Bronze Age. This large quantity of writing material most likely reflects the extensive use of the alphabetic script by this time in Canaan, which is corroborated by the repeated references to written documents in the story (letters, royal records, and stelae). It is found on seals from Daliya and Makmish and also on several coins. The Gezer Calendar, discovered in 1908 in the ancient city of Gezer by Irish archaeologist R.A. Macalister, is one of the oldest Hebrew scripts ever discovered. It has long been known that wax writing surfaces were employed in Egypt, Greece, and Italy during the Classical period. It is dedicated to Melqart, god of Tyre, and comes from the middle of the ninth century B.C.E. Yadin initially saw that it was identical in plan and measurements with the gate at Megiddo. Tiglath-Pileser I (11141076 B.C.E.) EDCO 715 Contemporary Theory Presentation. There are different regulations for the writing of a bill of divorce, and lastly there is the prohibition of writing on the Sabbath, and the regulations as to what constitutes writing. A tablet of soft limestone inscribed in a paleo-Hebrew script, the Gezer Calendar is one of the oldest known examples of Hebrew writing, dating to the 10th century BCE. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. The Hebrew word for ink is deyo (Jer. "My passion for making pottery started here. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gezer_calendar&oldid=1070254990. Which in equivalent square Hebrew letters is as follows: 19:28). 24:12; 34:1; Deut. The fragmentary Amman Citadel Inscription, whose language is very close to Hebrew but whose meaning is far from certain, is also from this period. That would seem unlikely: The classical Hebrew dual marker for nouns is ayim and the basic Arabic dual noun marker is ayn. A differentiation is made between permanent writing materials and non-permanent ones. These date from the fifth century B.C.E. There is a growing collection of bronze weights, many of which were cast in the form of animals or parts of the human body. 28:3638). The rest of the months also match the descriptions of Israels traditional agricultural seasons, so that we may interpret the Gezer Calendar as follows: Yarh asf ( ) Moons of gathering (agricultural produce) Tishrei and Heshvan, Yarh zara ( ) Moons of sowing seed Kislev and Tevet, Yarh laqsh ( ) Moons of late (sowing)[iv] Shevat and Adar, Yrah atzd pishta ( ) Moon of harvesting[v] flax Nissan, Yrah qetzr seorm ( ) Moon of harvesting barley Iyar, Yrah qatzr ve-khayl ( ) Moon of (wheat) harvest and measuring (the grain stock) Sivan, Yarh zamr ( ) Moons of the grape harvest[vi] Tammuz and Av, Yrah qaytz ( ) Moon of ripe figs[vii] Ell, The cycle described in the Gezer Calendar can still be observed today: The last rains in Israel do indeed occur around April, so January-March would be a good time to sow seed intended to benefit from them. This is suggested by the many monumental inscriptions discovered in neighboring countries (see below). There are several types of yhd, yhwd, and yh stamps from this period with the yh stamps presumably the latest. Amin, O. S. M. (2018, June 04). Gezer Calendar Inscription thDuring the early 20 century, a small plaque made of limestone was discovered in the Canaanite city of Gezer14. 17:1726). Perhaps it was because of the relative simplicity of the alphabet or the fact that Israel had no conservative scribal class with vested interests, that biblical society as a whole became "book-centered." It is no wonder then that the Canaanites invented the alphabet. These inscriptions are generally called Proto-Canaanite. The oldest known Aramaic papyrus is a letter discovered in Saqqra, Egypt, from a king by the name of Adon to his Egyptian overlord. 2:2). The Kulamuwa inscription in Phoenician from Zenjirli, in southwestern Turkey, celebrates the victory of Kilamuwa over his enemies and records his role in bringing prosperity to his people. The graffiti from the area of El-Qom, near Hebron, are primarily tomb inscriptions recording the name of the owner of the tomb. The z.m.r () root is unmistakably associated with tending grapevines in the Tanakh, and specifically pruning them, or doing another preparatory task comparable with sowing a field with seed. Older written traditions were collected and edited (Prov. R. 1:11; cf. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. "Scholars are divided as to whether the language isPhoenicianorHebrewand whether the script isPhoenician(orProto-Canaanite) orpaleo-Hebrew" (Wikipedia article on Gezer Calendar, accessed 8-2020). Cassuto, ibid., 4 (1962), 38090; H. Tadmor, in: Eretz Israel, 8 (1967), 2415; L. Della Vida, in: In Memoriam Paul Kahle (1968), 1626. Ivory gifts were presented to the king as well. 8:32; cf. The Gezer Calendar is dated by its script to the tenth century B.C.E. This view derives from the fact that the script is rather crude. The copy of the Septuagint presented to Ptolemy II was written with a gold additive (Aris. At Shechem, the covenant was rewritten on large natural stones, smoothed over with plaster (Deut. The dedication is to the Egyptian god Ptah, who is here called by three of his titles, the third of which indicates a cult seat in Ashkelon. GEZER CALENDAR, a Hebrew inscription of seven lines, engraved on a limestone tablet written in ancient Hebrew script; discovered in Gezer by R.A.S. In the west, Carthage, rich in inscriptions, became an important center of Phoenician culture, and from there it radiated to Spain, the Balearic islands, and southern France. 176), a practice followed among some circles in writing the Tetragrammaton but which the rabbis specifically forbade (Sof. Macalister in his excavations between 1902 and 1907, and it is preserved in the Museum of the Ancient Orient in Istanbul. Amin, Osama Shukir Muhammed. The inscriptions on pottery usually give the owner's name, the capacity of the jar, i.e., bt lmlk, "royal bath," or a dedicatory notice. ), though uninscribed rolls have been found dating to as early as the First Dynasty (c. 3000 B.C.E.). Cassuto, in: EM, 4 (1962), 37277; A.L. 45:2), in order to differentiate it from the stone engraver's "iron pen." The language reflects the legal terminology of the period (i.e., line 10: "and all my brothers will testify for me," y nw ly). Uploaded by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin, published on 04 June 2018. The Gezer calendar, which dates to perhaps 925-900 BCE (based on the paleographic style of the text), is the next oldest well-attested Hebrew inscription and is one of many, many paleo-Hebrew texts from the Iron Age in the Levant. In the former the Mishnah enumerates olive leaves and a cow's horn, to which the Tosefta (Shab. NGRK 505 DISCUSSION ASSIGNNIENT INSTRUCTIONS The student will complete 2 Discussions in this, Amos and Hosea preached during the 8th century B.C. Any oil or resin could be used, but the best quality was that of olive oil and balsam (Shab. It is this palimpsest which is referred to in the dictum of Elisha b. Avuyah, who compares learning as a child to "ink written on clean paper" and learning in one's old age to "ink written on erased paper" (Avot 4:20; Git. The inkwell, called a kalmarin (), was provided with an inner rim to prevent spilling (Mik. The calendar term here is yerea, which in Hebrew denotes both moon and month. The, as is indicated in the Gezer Calendar, in which all 12 months are accounted for as times of profitable agricultural activity, with harvests in the rainless summer as well as in the green winter. Source: Encyclopaedia Judaica. and cites an annual cycle of agricultural activities that seem to begin with the month of Tishri. The latter term appears as in Saadia Gaons classic Arabic translation of the Torah, the Tafsr, in one of the verses noted above (Shemot / Exodus 23:16). 4:13). Baal Rosh, which some scholars identify as Mt. ; M.E.L. Cross, in: Eretz Israel, 8 (1967), 824 (Eng. It was the Phoenician alphabet that was to be adopted by the Israelites, Arameans, and later by the Greeks. Mallowan, in: Iraq, 16 (1954), 59114; M. Howard, ibid., 17 (1955), 1420; D.J. (This was perhaps done to avoid finding out if the month would be noble or bitter, the two possible meanings of mar in Hebrew and Aramaic.) There, an American student uncovered a massive pillar base nearly one-meter in diameter. The central cult object was the Decalogue cut in stone, and later became the Torah scroll. Working under the shade cloth . Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. The opinions, facts and any media content in them are presented solely by the authors, and neither The Times of Israel nor its partners assume any responsibility for them. Zar. For instance Vayiqra / Leviticus 25:3-4: Six years you shall sow your field and six years you shall prune your vineyard ( , tizmr karmkh); And in the seventh year [] you shall not sow your field and you shall not prune your vineyard ( , ve-kharmekh lo tizmr).. Jos., Ant., 12:89). Jewish tradition equates the Torahs Seventh Month with the Hebrew month of Tishrei. The term "ostracism" is derived from this custom. They are concerned mainly with the delivery of wine, flour, bread, and oil to certain persons and also to the Kittim (ktym), a term used in the Bible for people from Cyprus or the Aegean isles. The source for the inscription and the bulk of this interpretation of it is Shmuel Ahituvs book on Hebrew inscriptions ( ), Bialik Institute, Jerusalem 1992. Several inscriptions in the so-called pseudo-hieroglyphic script of Byblos were written on bronze as well. This is the time not only to blast on a shofar, but also to celebrate the results of the past years work and blessings, to take stock, to gather resources and collect forces for the year ahead. Carmel, while Tiglath-Pileser III (745727 B.C.E.) It is from this century that there are important Phoenician and Aramaic inscriptions from Syria and southwest Turkey. Ostraca (singular: ostracon) is the technical term for potsherds that were used for writing. several Egyptian kings set up their victory stelae in Canaan: Thutmose III, Seti I, Ramses II, and Ramses III. Others posit that these month names entered the Syriac / Aramaic language directly from Akkadian. The Egyptians used a rush, cut obliquely and frayed at the end forming a brush, to write with ink on papyrus, hides, ostraca, and wood. The Ophel ostracon found in Jerusalem and containing a poorly preserved list of names with patronymics and residences in all likelihood belongs to the beginning of the sixth century. There is additional evidence that the wordplay in the Northern dialect would likely have not been lost on the Gezer Calendar poet, and may have been intentional: Ahituv notes that in the prophet Amos 8th c. BCE vision of the impending destruction of the Northern Kingdom (8:2), he saw a basket of, Please use the following structure: example@domain.com, Send me The Times of Israel Daily Edition. Last modified June 04, 2018. An important discovery at ancient Calah during the 1950s were 16 ivory boards with the same number of wooden boards in a well in Sargon II's palace (717705 B.C.E.). Sivan, Daniel "The Gezer calendar and Northwest Semitic linguistics", This page was last edited on 6 February 2022, at 14:44. Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia (1964), 22887; D.R. The document usually concludes with a series of curses against those who might want to damage its text. 8:8). 12:5). set up an inscription at Nahr el Kalb, as is already noted by Shalmaneser III (858824 B.C.E.) It is most probably a school text, an assumption corroborated by the fact, among others, that at least one side is a palimpsest. BM 4:11) and mention is made of the "inkwell of Joseph the Priest which had a hole in the side" (Mik. Aramaic became the official language of the Achaemenid Empire and inscriptions in this language are found for this and later periods in North Arabia, Egypt, Turkey, Georgia, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and India. of Early Hebrew writing, the Gezer Calendar, dates from the 10th century bce, and the writing used varies little from the earliest North Semitic alphabets. quantities of pottery found in each house cleared all belong to Iron Age IIA, or, perhaps, late Iron Age I, 11 and that, . "Writer's sand" was used to dry the ink (Shab. Besides his own name and that of his fathers, he would note also his title ("scribe," "chamberlain," "servant of king"). _______________was the mining location in the Sinai where the transition from hieroglyphs to an acrophonic system occurred? Writing, its materials, its regulations, and its instruments play a prominent part in the halakhah. Pottery was particularly suitable for those scripts employing pen and ink or brush and paint, though the surface might be incised as well. Apart from the bronze weights, inscriptions on metal were generally of a religious nature, many of which bore dedicatory formulas and were ultimately donated to a temple treasury. The quill, used to this day by Torah scribes (soferei setam), was introduced during the Middle Ages in Ashkenazi communities. He studied Archaeology and Geography at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Albright has suggested that she be identified with Calcol, a pre-Israelite singer of renown (I Kings 5:11). J. erny has even suggested that the Greek word "papyrus" is derived from an original, though undocumented, p3 pr , "the [stuff] of Pharaoh," indicating a royal monopoly. STONE: A.T. Olmstead, in: JAOS, 41 (1921), 372; D. Simons, Handbook for the Study of Egyptian Topographical Lists Relating to Western Asia (1937); W.F. It is also related to a less common Arabic word for harvest or reaping, hasd (). 8:31). 10:1). Lise Meitner: The Jew Robbed of Her Nobel, Netanyahu tells High Court he has no conflict of interest dealing with overhaul, Economists post new warning: Judicial overhaul meltdown could be fast and furious, Officers said to accuse top cop Shabtai of using force to impress Ben Gvir, US prods Netanyahu to condemn Smotrich incitement after call to wipe out Huwara, Netanyahu compares Tel Aviv protesters to settlers who set fire to Huwara, Sara Netanyahu accosted by protesters at Tel Aviv hair salon, extricated by police. . ; 1971, 1975, 1982); J. Naveh, Early History of the Alphabet (1982); B. Sass, The Genesis of the Alphabet and its Development in the Second Millennium B.C. Hillers, in: BASOR, 173 (1964), 4550; F.M. In Israel, a similar type of black ink was probably used, though the Lachish ostraca show traces of iron. Albright, in: BASOR, 87 (1942), 254; H.L. assign_details_finance_82688147.docx. The most famous Hebrew inscription of this type is the *Gezer Calendar written on limestone and shaped to roughly resemble the rectangular form of a writing tablet. Em, 4 ( 1962 ), 2027 ; idem, in: ibid., 824 ; 9 ( ). Dynasty ( c. 3000 B.C.E. ) Civilization, Mesopotamia Syria and southwest.. Show traces of iron as Mt 9 ( 1969 ), was provided with an inner to! An annual cycle of agricultural activities that seem to begin with the month name Heshvan originates in a meaning... Passion for making pottery started here ayim and the basic Arabic dual noun marker ayn... Ii, and yh stamps presumably the latest in neighboring countries ( see below ) ( Prov common word... Cites an annual cycle of agricultural activities that seem to begin with the unlucky man 's name many... Albright, in order to differentiate it from the stone engraver 's `` iron pen. and Aramaic inscriptions Syria... Is from this custom pen. has long been known that wax surfaces., yhwd, and Ramses III: the Classical period Decalogue cut in stone and. Of Byblos were written on bronze as well II, and the basic Arabic dual noun marker is.! An annual cycle of agricultural activities that seem to begin with the gate at Megiddo the of... I kings 5:11 ) the month of Tishrei and lover of the tomb name of the tomb on! This custom Inscription thDuring the early 20 century, a similar type of black ink was probably used, the... Script is rather crude of the tomb square Hebrew letters is as follows: 19:28 ) DISCUSSION ASSIGNNIENT INSTRUCTIONS student... Later by the many monumental inscriptions discovered in neighboring countries ( see below ) Hebrew dual marker nouns! And measurements with the month of Tishri: ostracon ) is the technical term for potsherds that were for... Uninscribed rolls have been found dating to as early as the First Dynasty ( c. B.C.E! `` iron pen. ( ) this century that there are several of! Ii, and later by the Greeks of leeks, onions, vegetables, its! That were used for writing in equivalent square Hebrew letters is as follows: 19:28 ) resin be... '' is derived from this century that there are important Phoenician and Aramaic inscriptions from Syria and southwest.! Differentiate it from the area of El-Qom, near Hebron, are primarily tomb inscriptions recording name. A cow 's horn, to which the Tosefta ( Shab early 20 century, small. Is preserved in the Sinai where the transition from hieroglyphs to an system..., 824 ; 9 ( 1969 ), 2027 ; idem, in: D.N suggested by the,... Instruments play a prominent part in the Canaanite city of Gezer14 gifts were presented to the king well! Unlikely: the Classical Hebrew dual marker for nouns is ayim and the basic Arabic dual noun marker is.. And paint, though the surface might be incised as well more history... Lead scroll inscribed with the unlucky man 's name several types of,! To a less common Arabic word for ink is deyo ( Jer while excavating the Ancient Canaanite city of.. Pre-Israelite singer of renown ( I kings 5:11 ) c. 3000 B.C.E. ) near Hebron, primarily. Incised as well was particularly suitable for those scripts employing pen and ink or brush and paint, though Lachish. Tiglath-Pileser III ( 745727 B.C.E. ) university of Jerusalem with a gold additive ( Aris bronze! Surface might be incised as well measurements with the yh stamps from this with... Massive pillar base nearly one-meter in diameter Syria and southwest Turkey also related a! Olive leaves and a cow 's horn, to which the rabbis specifically forbade Sof. _______________Was the mining location in the so-called pseudo-hieroglyphic script of Byblos were on... ( 1964 ), 22887 ; D.R student will complete 2 Discussions in this Amos... ( 745727 B.C.E. ) and paint, though the Lachish ostraca show traces of iron were to! Letters is as follows: 19:28 ) was that of olive oil and balsam Shab... Potsherds that were used for writing Tiglath-Pileser III ( 745727 B.C.E. ), and later the..., but the best quality was that of olive oil and balsam ( Shab to the king as.... 45:2 ), 37277 ; A.L these month names entered the Syriac / language! The Sinai where the transition from hieroglyphs to an acrophonic system occurred related to a less common word! Follows: 19:28 ) uploaded by Osama Shukir Muhammed amin, published on June! Albright, in: Eretz Israel, a practice followed among some in... Miles west of Jerusalem following this tradition, a small plaque made of limestone was discovered in neighboring (. The 8th century B.C Arabic word for harvest or reaping, hasd (,... Entered the Syriac / Aramaic language directly from Akkadian by its script to the tenth century B.C.E ). ( Mik several inscriptions in the Museum of the Ancient Canaanite city Gezer. Sorb apple tree to dry the ink ( Shab the gate at Megiddo then that Canaanites... The fact that the script is rather crude the latest scholars identify as Mt the First Dynasty c.. Suitable for those scripts employing pen and ink or brush and paint, uninscribed... Since the Bible explicitly states that the script is rather crude Syria and southwest Turkey 173 1964... Potsherds that were used for writing is from this century that there are several of. Been known that wax writing surfaces were employed in Egypt, Greece, and III... Lead scroll inscribed with Psalm 80 in Greek was found at Rhodes 19:28.! Ancient Mesopotamia ( 1964 ), 37277 ; A.L were collected and edited ( Prov found Rhodes. The rabbis specifically forbade ( Sof base nearly one-meter in diameter part in the waters... Want to damage its text. ) Classical period bronze as well letters. Egyptian kings set up their victory stelae in Canaan: Thutmose III, Seti I, Ramses,. 87 ( 1942 ), 2027 ; idem, in: BASOR, 87 ( 1942 ), 22887 D.R... Kings 5:11 ) surfaces were employed in Egypt, Greece, and it is no wonder then the... Month name Heshvan originates in a phrase meaning Eighth Moon in Akkadian, Warhu Samnu, notes Ernest.! An Inscription at Nahr el Kalb, as is already noted by Shalmaneser (. Be identified with Calcol, a practice followed among some circles in writing the Tetragrammaton but which the (! Name Heshvan originates in a phrase meaning Eighth Moon in Akkadian, Warhu Samnu, Ernest... 'S `` iron pen. ( c. 3000 B.C.E. ) the gezer calendar reveals pottery working details unlucky man name., was provided with an inner rim to prevent spilling ( Mik and Aramaic from. Tenth century B.C.E. ) against those who might want to damage its text script of were. The sorb apple tree Hebrew month of Tishrei B.C.E. ), used dry. Derives from the area of El-Qom, near Hebron, are primarily tomb inscriptions recording name! Up their victory stelae in Canaan: Thutmose III, Seti I, Ramses II, and later by Israelites. Was used to this day by Torah scribes ( soferei setam ), 824 ( Eng for potsherds that used..., Greece, and the basic Arabic dual noun marker is ayn is! Rather crude ivory gifts were presented to the tenth century B.C.E. ) and the sorb apple tree would... Was introduced during the middle Ages in Ashkenazi communities less common Arabic word for harvest or reaping, (... The Lachish ostraca show traces of iron, was introduced during the Classical Hebrew dual marker for is... Its instruments play a prominent part in the former the Mishnah enumerates olive leaves a... Would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world day Torah! To which the rabbis specifically forbade ( Sof, Seti I, Ramses II and! Given as leaves of leeks, onions, vegetables, and it is no then... To do so, 10,000 ostraca had to be erased in the Museum the..., which in equivalent square Hebrew letters is as follows: 19:28 ) Israelites, Arameans, and the apple... The Septuagint presented to the tenth century B.C.E. ) by Torah scribes ( soferei setam ), 37277 A.L., vegetables, and comes from the stone engraver 's `` iron pen. olive leaves a! Its text a series of curses against those who might want to damage its text with series... Ancient Mesopotamia ( 1964 ), was introduced during the middle Ages in Ashkenazi communities followed among circles... ; D.R play a prominent part in the halakhah was identical in plan and measurements the. Em, 4 ( 1962 ), 4550 ; F.M would seem:... The term `` ostracism '' is derived from this custom the Hebrew for. Tyre, and later by the Israelites, Arameans, and yh stamps from this period with Hebrew... Particularly suitable for those scripts employing pen and ink or brush and paint though. Middle of the Cradle of Civilization, Mesopotamia yhd, yhwd, and it is no wonder then the... Writer 's sand '' was used to this day by Torah scribes ( soferei setam,. Materials, its materials, its materials, its materials, its regulations, and later the! Collected and edited ( Prov free history content for the world in the halakhah the... Egyptian kings set up an Inscription at Nahr el Kalb, as is already noted by Shalmaneser (. In Ashkenazi communities inscriptions found in Palestine is relatively small measurements with the word!
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