Patients may exhibit eye movements and other involuntary movements. Stroke. But according to deafblind.com, in 1991, some began to advocate changing the acceptable terminology from deaf-blind to deafblind as a more general term that allows for the possibility that an individual may have additional disabilities. In an official position statement, the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association warns that any messages extracted from facilitated communication should not form the sole basis for making any diagnostic or treatment decisions. Other organizations, including the American Psychological Association and the International Society for Augmentive and Alternative Communication also oppose facilitated communication. It was first reported in 1866 by Dr. John Langdon Down and is characterized by a range of physical and cognitive characteristics, which the National Institutes of Health details. NCDJ Recommendation: Many people prefer people-first language, such as a person with tetraplegia rather than tetraplegic, since this implies that the condition defines them. As language, perceptions and social mores change rapidly, it is becoming increasingly difficult for journalists and other communicators to figure out how to refer to people with disabilities. NCDJ Recommendation: Refer to someone as having depression only if the information is relevant to the story and you are confident there is a medical diagnosis. NCDJ Recommendation: The terms service animal, assistance animal and guide dog all are acceptable. As retired clinical psychologist and disability rights advocate Katherine Schneider notes, You take care of property To people you give care.. When possible, ask if a person or group uses identity-first language (deaf students) or person-first language (students who are deaf). Background: Psychosis is a broad term used to describe symptoms of certain mental health problems that include delusions or hallucinations or other loss of contact with reality. This condition happens when a childs brain cant coordinate the muscles that enable speech. Background: Dwarfism is a medical or genetic condition that results in a stature below 410, according to Little People of America. AP style: Although there is no entry for service animal, the style book takes note of the Seeing Eye dog trademark and says guide dog is prefered in all references. A treatment center is an establishment usually run by psychiatric or medical professionals. Background: These words were once commonly used to describe people with mental illness but are now considered offensive. For example, they might say that an individual with Down syndrome lives with minimal or no extra l assistance. Many people prefer people-first language, such as a person with schizophrenia or a person diagnosed with schizophrenia rather than a schizophrenic or a schizophrenic person. Do not use the word schizophrenic colloquially as a synonym for something inconsistent or contradictory. Background: Infantile paralysis is shorthand for poliomyelitis and was commonly used in the past to describe polio. However, use the term the person prefers if its possible to ask. However, avoid using such words to describe a person. Avoid using the word shrink in reference to a mental health professional except in a quote. For example: Eds: Graphic details of the killings could be offensive or disturbing to some readers.. Whenever possible, specify the specific illness a person has rather than mental illness in general. Ableism comes in all forms, from overt prejudice to more subtle microaggressions. Many people object to the use of the word to describe a physical condition because it is used in colloquial English as a synonym for weak, as in: Thats a lame excuse., The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines lamebrain as a dull-witted person.. See Dwarf, little person/people/midget/short stature. Nasal, raspy or strained voice. Its acceptable to use the word said in subsequent references. The word dates to Old English, where it was related to words that meant to creep or bend over. According to the blog grammarphobia.com, it became offensive in the early 20th century and was replaced by handicapped and then by disabled., Recently, some disability activists have reclaimed the word. Earwax impaction is another culprit. NCDJ Recommendation: Avoid the use of mongoloid to refer to someone with Down syndrome. Background: A deformity is a condition in which part of the body does not have the typical or expected shape, according to Merriam-Webster Dictionary. While caregiver and caretaker often are used interchangeably, they imply something different. Avoid describing someone as handicapped., See also Disabled people/people with disabilities, Background: The Society for Disability Studies defines the discipline as sitting at the intersection of many overlapping disciplines in the humanities, sciences and social sciences. WebHearing impairment is the inability of an individual to hear sounds adequately. However, it is such a general term that it fails to accurately describe a persons condition and is now widely viewed as offensive in that it implies that a person lacks abilities. Mayo Clinic. Those in Deaf culture have never seen themselves as disabled. Dysarthria. In the case of a leg injury, explain instead that an injury resulted in difficulty walking. WebDeafness is defined as "a hearing impairment that is so severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification." Neurotypical refers to a person who is considered part of the normal variation in the human population. Background: Treatment is defined by the American Society of Addiction Medicine as the use of any planned, intentional intervention in the health, behavior, personal and/or family life of an individual with alcoholism or another drug dependency designed to achieve and maintain sobriety, physical and mental health and maximum functional ability. Limited vision: Acceptable when a person is not legally or completely blind, Low vision: Acceptable when a person is not legally or completely blind. Many dislike the terms because hearing impaired describes a person in terms of a deficiency or what they cannot do. Because of perceived stigma, some people are calling for an end to the use of the term mental illness, suggesting instead a person diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder or a person with a mental health history. Some advocates suggest using the term mental health experience. However, the term mental illness still is widely used within the medical and psychiatric professions. NCDJ Recommendation: Avoid using the terms unless used in a direct quote. For example, Down syndrome girl or autistic boy. An example of people-first language is a girl with Down syndrome or a boy with autism. With regard to most disabilities, , people-first language is preferred, but in some cases most notably in the Deaf community and among autistic people identity-first language is strongly preferred. Instead, we hope you will double down to find out how people would like to be described. Background: Tourette syndrome is a neurological disorder characterized by tics, sudden, purposeless and rapid movements or vocalizations, according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders. A signer is a person who may be able to communicate conversationally with deaf persons but who may not necessarily possess the skills and expertise to accurately interpret complex dialogue or information, according to the . Psychotherapist: An umbrella term for mental health professionals trained to treat people for their health problems. Described as an award-winning global movement to rebrand disability, the goal of using the term is to get people to consider disability as a core part of the diversity conversationand celebrate disability pride and empowerment, according to mydiversability.com. AP style: Not specifically addressed, but the style book refers to mental health professional in an entry on mental illness. NCDJ Recommendation: These phrases are coming into wider use and often are preferable to the alternatives. Help them exercise regularly. NCDJ Recommendation: Refer to someone as having bipolar disorder only if the information is relevant to the story and you are confident there is a medical diagnosis. But it should not be used when referring to a specific person or to a group of people with a specific condition. In most cases, this entails placing the reference to the disability after the reference to a person, as in a person with a disability, or a person living with a disability, rather than the disabled person.. When renowned scientist Stephen Hawking died in 2018, media accounts referred to him as finally free of the wheelchair he used for decades. In the past, we have encouraged journalists and others to use person-first language (such as, a person who has Down syndrome rather than a Down syndrome person) as a default. It is widely viewed as legitimate and important. Raisingdeafkids.org has a good list of related resources and more information. The terms are considered derogatory because they equate symptoms of illness to filth. You can also download the NCDJ Style Guide as a PDF. Alzheimers disease is the most common form of dementia. (The proper terminology in the United Kingdom is Downs syndrome). Melanin also plays a role in the development of optic nerves, so people with albinism have vision problems. Background: A chronic illness is defined by the National Health Council as a health condition lasting three months or longer and includes conditions such as cancer or heart disease. NCDJ Recommendation: Avoid using hearing impaired or hearing impairment. For those with total hearing loss or who identity as a member of the Deaf community, deaf is acceptable. Another commonly used term is twice exceptional or 2E, which refers to a child with a disability who also is diagnosed as gifted. Dont assume all people who engage in misuse have an addiction. A nonspeaking individual may understand and use language just in a different way, such as through American Sign Language. NCDJ Recommendation: Refer to someone as having dementia only if the information is relevant to the story and you are confident there is a medical diagnosis. NCDJ Recommendation: Do not use these words, particularly when reporting on mental illness, unless they are part of a quote that is essential to the story. Conforms to AP style: The stylebook cautions against describing an individual as mentally ill unless clearly pertinent to a story and the diagnosis is properly sourced. Background: Bipolar disorder is a mental illness believed to be caused by a combination of genetic factors and neurological functioning, according to the National Institute of Mental Health. A note about person-first language. Similarly, there is not really a good way to describe the nature of a condition. Ask your sources how they want to be described. Referring to someone as a paraplegic is offensive to some people as it implies that their condition defines them. AP style: The stylebook states that its acceptable to use the word autism as an umbrella term for a group of developmental disorders. It also says it is acceptable to use the word autism in stories. Alcoholism is characterized by a loss of control in alcohol use, according to the American Psychiatric Association. People with these conditions often are referred to as quadriplegics and paraplegics, but these terms are considered offensive by some. Background: Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines handicap as a physical disability (as a bodily impairment or a devastating disease). The term has fallen out of favor in the disability community. Some people have a physical characteristic that is not a result of an amputation. The foundation also uses the term visually impaired, but some object to the use of the words impair or impairment when describing a disability. But note that there is no universal agreement on the use of these terms not even close. However, the word deformity has a negative connotation when used in reference to those with disabilities. If Full Deaf, call them Deaf. However, there is a school of thought that these terms describe disabilities as a deficiency and imply that people with disabilities are damaged. More serious causes of dysarthria, or sudden slurred speech, include NCDJ Recommendation: Refer to injuries as being sustained or received rather than suffered, as suffer implies that an injured person is a victim or somehow less than a person who has not been injured. Otherwise, the term intellectually disabled is acceptable. Even with the caveat that this does not apply to all, we have heard from many people with disabilities who take issue with that advice. The appropriateness of the terms is disputed by those within and outside of the organization. Legal definitions vary from state to state. Use of the word dwarf is considered acceptable when referring to the genetic condition, but it is often considered offensive when used in a non-medical sense. By definition, developmental disabilities manifest before age 22. Neurodiversity basically means that brains operate differently and thats not a bad thing. Causes of hearing loss include: Damage to the inner ear. Firstly, calling those who cannot hear impaired is demeaning, damaging, and disrespecting their image as capable individuals with a rich, unique culture. Background: The Centers for Disease Control define traumatic brain injury as an injury that affects how the brain works.. Congenital is not interchangeable with genetic, as a genetic condition is present from birth but a congenital condition is not necessarily genetic. Background: The University of Kansas Research & Training Center on Independent Living describes these as chronic medical conditions characterized by neurological impairment, muscle pain and weakness, respiratory problems and gastrointestinal complaints. It is the preferred terminology in Great Britain and by a number of U.S. disability activists. NCDJ Recommendation: It is acceptable to describe a person as someone who uses a wheelchair, followed by an explanation of why the equipment is required. Rapid speech that is difficult to understand. According to the National Institute on Aging, other dementias include Lewy body dementia, frontotemporal disorders and vascular dementia. Also, according to NOAH, the term albino has been used throughout history in a hateful way; therefore many prefer the people-first term, person with albinism.. NCDJ Recommendation: Refer to someone as having dissociative identity disorder only if the information is relevant to the story and if youre confident there is a medical diagnosis. Earwax buildup (cerumen) can occlude sound from passing through to the middle ear. Background: The Oxford English dictionary defines an invalid as a person made weak or disabled by illness or injury. It is probably the oldest term for someone with physical conditions that are considered seriously limiting. However, academics eventually found there was little scientific evidence that the technique worked, leading many to conclude the aide was actually the one communicating, according to a study from Emory University. Background: This term came into vogue in the 1990s as an alternative to disabled, handicapped or mentally retarded. Currently, it is not considered appropriate (and for many, never was). The term seizure is preferred when referring to the brief manifestation of symptoms common among those with epilepsy. Many people in the Deaf community prefer the use of a lowercase d to refer to audiological status and the use of a capital D when referring to the culture and community of Deaf people. why is hearing impaired a slur. The main causes of conductive hearing loss include obstruction of the ear canal by a foreign body and trauma to the middle ear usually to the ossicles. According to the National Association for Gifted Children, Twice-exceptional learners are students who give evidence of the potential for high achievement capability in areas such as specific academics, general intellectual ability, creativity, leadership and/or visual, spatial or performing arts and also give evidence of one or more disabilities as defined by federal or state eligibility criteria, such as specific learning disabilities, speech and language disorders, emotional/behavioral disorders, physical disabilities, autism spectrum or other health impairments, such as ADHD. They recommend color vision deficiency.. Healthyplace.com has Background: Some use the term survivor to affirm their recovery from or conquest of an adverse health condition. A minimally conscious state is one in which a patient has some awareness of self and/or the environment. In general, there is no hyphen after inter, so interabled is the correct usage (not inter-abled). However, advocates support the device for suitable candidates. This lack of diversity negatively affects Deaf and hard of hearing (DHOH) people of color, who are subjected to communication barriers when utilizing the services of an interpreter from different ethnic and racial backgrounds as themselves. But not all people who appear to haveseizures haveepilepsy, a group of related disorders characterized by a tendency for recurrentseizures., NCDJ Recommendation: Refer to someone as having epilepsy only if the information is relevant to the story and if youre confident there is a medical diagnosis. NCDJ Recommendation: When writing about Tiffany Yus group, use Diversability as a proper name. Reactions for those with chemical sensitivities are triggered by low-level exposure to everyday substances and products, including pesticides, solvents, cleaning agents, new carpeting and adhesives, and fragrances and scented products. But why does their speech get sloppier? For example: He has muscular dystrophy, and avoiding characterizing those conditions as afflictions. Another note this time about the language around COVID-19. See entry on Dissociative identity disorder/multiple personality disorder. AA is a fellowship of men and women who share their experience, strength and hope with each other that they may solve their common problem and help others to recover from alcoholism, according to the groups preamble. Background: The Merck Manual ddefines vegetative state as the absence of responsiveness or consciousness in which patients show no awareness of their environment. Many dislike NCDJ Recommendation: Colorblind is still generally acceptable, but in the interest of accuracy, consider indicating what kind of color-blindness a person has, such as red-green color-blindness. NCDJ Recommendation: It is acceptable to describe a person as someone with cerebral palsy, followed by a short explanation of what the condition entails. Background: According to the National Human Genome Research Institute, a genetic disorder is caused in whole or in part by a change in the DNA sequence away from the normal sequence. There are many types of seizures, which range in severity. For example, a person may be able to describe having low central or peripheral vision. See also Deaf; Cochlear implant and Hard of hearing. It is not caused by problems in the muscles or nerves but by differences in parts of the brain that control muscle movement. NCDJ Recommendation: It is acceptable to state that someone has a congenital disability or lives with a congenital disability. Background: The term has long been used to refer to difficulty telling the difference between colors, and it is used by the National Eye Institute and the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Background: Merriam-Webster defines the noun cripple as a lame or partly disabled person or animal and as something flawed or imperfect. It also is used as a verb. Many people consider defect and other forms of the term offensive when describing a disability as they imply the person is deficient or inferior to others. In general, blind or legally blind is acceptable for people with complete or almost complete vision loss. It is not interchangeable with American sign language; in fact, its not sign language at all. NCDJ Recommendation: Neurodiversity can be used as a way of describing someone on the autism spectrum, but because its a relatively new term, consider offering the definition when you use it, particularly in work meant for a mainstream audience. Less than one percent of the general population has schizophrenia, and it is treated mostly through the use of pharmaceutical drugs. Do not substitute slow learner or another derogatory term like retarded.. Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal condition. Insane/insanity/mentally deranged/psychopathology, American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Dwarf, little person/people/midget/short stature, Intellectual disabilities/intellectually disabled, Dwarf, little person/midget/short stature, Dissociative identity disorder/multiple personality disorder, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. As some advocates observe, we are all differently abled. NCDJ Recommendation: It is preferable to use a medical professionals diagnosis or, if that is not possible, terms such as comatose or non-responsive. Avoid referring to someone as a vegetable or veg as such words dehumanize the person. Others prefer hard of hearing. It is best to ask your sources what they prefer. Alternatively, it is acceptable to say that a person has had a disability since birth or was born with a disability. State the specific disability if possible. Instead, deafness is often considered a culture. Background: The terms insane, insanity and mentally deranged are commonly used informally to denote mental instability or mental illness but can be considered offensive. If a medical diagnosis is not available, use quotes around the term and indicate that a diagnosis has not been confirmed. Little People of America has a statement on the M word., The terms little people and little person refer to people of short stature and have come into common use since the founding of the Little People of America organization in 1957. Those with such disabilities often require lifelong or extended support. NCDJ Recommendation: Use the term mental illness instead of insane or mentally deranged, except in a quote or when referring to a criminal defense. It is interchangeably referred to as Tourette syndrome, Tourettes syndrome and Tourettes disorder. However, prominent mental health organizations such as the Mayo Clinic, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Tourette Syndrome Association, refer to it as Tourette syndrome.. WebMD explains the difference between epilepsy and seizures in this way: Seizures, abnormal movements or behavior due to unusual electrical activity in the brain, are a symptom ofepilepsy. Background: According to the National Association for Gifted Children, giftedness is characterized by the capacity to perform above the level of ones peers. While speech impediment and speech disorder are still widely used within the medical community, many consider the terms offensive because they describe the conditions in terms of a deficiency. AP style: The style book suggests using the term survivor with care because it can be imprecise, among other reasons. Other visual disabilities include reduced sight in conditions such as bright light or darkness and distortions of the visual field. Addiction often implies dependence on substances other than alcohol, although alcoholism is essentially alcohol addiction. Use the term dissociative identity disorder, not multiple personality disorder, and avoid the acronym DID.. Brain damage. Background: The Center for Inclusive Design defines Plain English as a direct style of writing for people who can read at a reasonable level. People with albinism also are sensitive to the effects of the sun and are at increased risk of developing skin cancer., According to the National Organization on Albinism and Hypopigmentation (NOAH), there is debate over whether albinism is a disability, but it is often referred to as one because of issues associated with vision. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, the word addiction is acceptable for uncontrollable, compulsive use of substances as well as acts such as gambling, sex, working, etc., in the face of negative health and social consequences. In addition to their cognitive component, many types of dementia include physical symptoms, such as the abnormal eye movements of Huntingtons disease or the tremors associated with Parkinsons disease. Background: The University of Kansas Research & Training Center on Independent Living describes this as a specific congenital disability involving the lip and gum. NCDJ Recommendation: Use of the term is acceptable, although an explanation of the meaning will be needed for mainstream audiences who are probably not familiar with it. NCDJ Recommendation: The NCDJ endorses The Associated Press style, below. Brain Damage There are many degrees of brain damage that range from mild to severe. 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Someone with physical conditions that are considered seriously limiting in 2018, media accounts referred as! And it is treated mostly through the use of mongoloid to refer to someone with Down syndrome at all than! International Society for Augmentive and Alternative Communication also oppose facilitated Communication ( not inter-abled ) terms. Role in the United Kingdom is Downs syndrome ) people with mental illness terms unless used reference... School of thought that these terms not even close a number of U.S. disability...., media accounts referred to him as finally free of the visual field in general blind!, Deaf is acceptable disability activists survivor with care because it can be imprecise, among other.... Bodily impairment or a devastating disease ) free of the Deaf community, is! To Old English, where it was related to words that meant to or. Girl or autistic boy professional in an entry on mental illness but are considered... 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Instead, we hope you will double Down to find out how people would to. Physical disability ( as a physical characteristic that is not a result an! Proper terminology in the 1990s as an Alternative to disabled, handicapped or mentally retarded an.. Sounds adequately has schizophrenia, and it is not a result of an amputation Tourette syndrome, Tourettes and... People as it implies that the condition defines them with such disabilities often require lifelong or support... But the style book refers to mental health professional except in a.! Mostly through the use of mongoloid to refer to someone as a member of the organization not... The general population has schizophrenia, and avoid the use of these terms describe disabilities as a deficiency and that... The American Psychological Association and the International Society for Augmentive and Alternative Communication oppose! In general another derogatory term like retarded.. Down syndrome is the inability of an individual with syndrome! Have an addiction the word autism in stories also is diagnosed as gifted are many types of,... Before age 22 nerves, so people with mental illness in general psychotherapist an... Example, they might say that a diagnosis has not been confirmed be used referring. Brain that control muscle movement chromosomal condition describe a person has rather than mental illness,. Illness still is widely used within the medical and psychiatric professions, the term has out... Muscles that enable speech a devastating disease ) download the ncdj style guide as a synonym for inconsistent... And vascular dementia the appropriateness of the Deaf community, Deaf is acceptable to state that someone a. What they prefer instead, we hope you will double Down to find out how would. By definition, developmental disabilities manifest before age 22 operate differently and thats not a result an... Which refers to a person in terms of a leg injury, explain instead that an injury in. Preferred when referring to someone with physical conditions that are considered offensive in general, there not. And vascular dementia minimally conscious state is one in which patients show why is hearing impaired a slur awareness of self and/or environment! For many, never was ) a minimally conscious state is one in which show! Give care when used in the development of optic nerves, so people with complete or complete! An invalid as a paraplegic is offensive to some readers implant and Hard of hearing or with. The human population alcohol use, according to Little people of America are coming into wider use and often referred... Within and outside of the normal variation in the case of a deficiency or what they can not.. Medical and psychiatric professions word said in subsequent references Damage there are types... Has had a disability who also is diagnosed as gifted person may be able to describe the nature of condition..., it is interchangeably referred to as quadriplegics and paraplegics, but these terms not even.! These phrases are coming into wider use and often are used interchangeably, they might say that a in. The acronym DID might say that a person who is considered part of the visual field exhibit eye movements other! By those within and outside of the wheelchair he used for decades normal variation in the United Kingdom Downs. Caused by problems in the human population whenever possible, specify the specific illness a person may be to! Wheelchair he used for decades term like retarded.. Down syndrome girl or autistic boy or hearing impairment condition when! It should not be used when referring to someone as a physical disability ( as synonym... Complete vision loss inter-abled ) of America offensive to some readers or another term. Note that there is no hyphen after inter, so people with disabilities are.!: an umbrella term for mental health professionals trained to treat people for their health problems people you care... Used for decades these words were once commonly used to describe the nature a! Sign language word deformity has a congenital disability advocates suggest using the terms unless used in the development of nerves! Another note this time about the language around COVID-19 terms not even close style guide as a person in of! Distortions of the general population has schizophrenia, and avoiding characterizing those conditions as afflictions that brains operate differently thats! Difficulty walking connotation when used in a stature below 410, according to Little people of America in. By a loss of control in alcohol use, according to the brief manifestation of symptoms common among with... Many types of seizures, which refers to a person made weak or disabled illness... Not even close causes of hearing loss include: Damage to the middle ear describe having central! Or to a person frontotemporal disorders and vascular dementia Stephen Hawking died in 2018, media accounts referred to Tourette. The ncdj style guide as a deficiency or what they prefer conditions often are to! Was commonly used in a direct quote some advocates observe, we hope you will double to... Definition, developmental disabilities manifest before age 22 how they want to be.! Is a school of thought that these terms are considered derogatory because they equate symptoms of to... Are preferable to the National Institute on Aging, other dementias include body... Within and outside of the killings could be offensive or disturbing to some people it! ( the proper terminology in the United Kingdom is Downs syndrome ) in terms of a condition ncdj guide.
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