Ukraines economy and infrastructure have been dealt blows that will take decades to recover from. Keep it brief, but also include anything you think is important. The case drew fierce criticism in state media, which echoed earlier calls by Beijing to push for the eradicating of foreign influences from the countrys schools. The latest news, analysis, and data from the country each week. George Chilton first started teaching English in 2007, in Wonju, South Korea. While state-media say the ban on foreign teachers on online platforms is driven by parents' concerns about qualifications, there may also be an ideological component to the decision given a . Beijing has reinforced its anti-U.S. messaging this week, but lethal aid for Moscow still seems to be a red line. There were over 400,000 foreign teachers in China in 2017, according to a state media survey -- although some expatriates have since relocated due to the pandemic and tight border controls. Weekly update on whats driving U.S. national security policy. What will another year of war look like? An international school in Beijing and a teaching agency in Shanghai separately confirmed arrests had risen sharply. The stricter-than-ever regulations to alleviate stress on overworked students cause more anxiety to families. With school students in China now mostly out of bounds, its important to plan for alternative online markets. As a leading language provider, this will affect many thousands of tutors, staff, and students. People with poor social credit scores in China who are designated as "untrustworthy" could be denied train or air tickets. Explore the benefits included in your subscription. Jennie Shi, a 24-year-old private tutor in Beijing, has taught elementary-level English for two years. China severely punishes drug dealers and drug traffickers, with offenders facing a possible death penalty for possession of more than 50 grams (1.76 ounces) of controlled substances. Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles. He now spends his time playing with his son, writing about himself in the third person, and sometimes even trying to run a business. 2023 Copyright France 24 - All rights reserved. Wall Street English China, for example, is expected to file for bankruptcy. China had roughly 400,000 foreign citizens working in its education industry in 2017, the last year for which official figures are available, working in schools, colleges and language institutes. Three in four Chinese children grow up in rural areas where the average annual disposable income is around $2,635 and access to education is severely limited. Chinas largest private education firms said they will stop providing classes taught by foreign-based tutors to students in the country, in response to a recent government directive aimed at rectifying the $100 billion sector. Materials covering topics with strong ideological principles, such as national sovereignty and religion, will be written and distributed directly to schools. In October, the State Council also issued new morality guidelines for citizens that highlighted President Xi Jinpings personal role in defending the countrys morals. Lawyers say the practice is not unusual, and arbitration typically costs more than the withheld wages. Even if Moscow holds onto territory, the war has wrecked its future. Foreign language teaching firms had long tapped into a vast demand for English in China, where armies of parents are eager to get their kids ahead in a cut-throat education system in which a single exam can determine a life's trajectory. Reuters, the news and media division of Thomson Reuters, is the worlds largest multimedia news provider, reaching billions of people worldwide every day. If you are teaching in China and unfortunate enough to be affected by this new law, you are not alone. But that isnt stopping parents from seeking help for their children. Sun Dawu, an agricultural entrepreneur and multimillionaire who became an outspoken critic of CCP policy, was sentenced to 18 years in prison on Wednesday. The rules include requiring tutoring and education services firms to convert to nonprofit status, banning core-curriculum tutoringaimed at passing examsduring weekends and vacations, and forbidding foreign curricula or hiring foreigners outside of China to teach remotely. Many Chinese parents prefer foreign teachers for conversation practice and particularly for spoken English, according to mother Wang Xiaogui. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts You may opt out at any time. Why? As a leading language provider, this will affect many thousands of tutors, staff, and students. Its tempting to relate the regulations of private education to Beijings war on technology companies and monopoliesand regulators are certainly empowered by the government push against private business. Delivered Wednesday. A weekly digest of the stories you should be following in China, plus exclusive analysis. More and more, recruiters and hiring managers are looking to professional networking sites like LinkedIn to post job adverts and find new employees. What Could Elon Musk Possibly Be Thinking? Every morning, Sam Josti logged on from her US home to teach children halfway around the world, just one of thousands of foreign language tutors giving Chinese students a rare window into Western culture. The SMART goal framework is an excellent way to write your aims it will help you stay focused and motivated. The new law is "stricter-than-expected for compulsory education schools (K-9 schools), especially in the complete ban of connected party transactions, and K9 private schools cant be controlled by agreement," said U.S. bank Citi in a research note to clients on Sunday. The problem with hair testing is that it can detect cannabis from months prior, said Dan Harris, Seattle-based managing partner of law firm Harris Bricken, whose firm saw a steep rise in case requests involving foreign teachers beginning earlier this year. "On a personal level, it's heartbreaking.". Evergrande was the most valuable real estate company in the world in 2018, but its fortune was built atop a mountain of liabilities. Foreign Ministry spokesperson Mao Ning said the U.S. Evergrande in danger. Linda Wehner is an adventurer and educator. Audience ratings certified by ACPM/OJD. A monthly digest of the top articles read by FP subscribers. France 24 - International breaking news, top stories and headlines, Teachers will be cut off from a major source of income as China cracks down on online tutoring platforms. The reforms appear to be part of broader measures to control what is learnt in the classroom, coming after China last year banned foreign teaching materials and ordered the president's political ideology, Xi Jinping Thought, to be taught in all schools. James Palmer. FPs Ravi Agrawal spoke with two of the very best Russia experts:Angela Stent, a nonresident senior fellow at the Brookings Institution and the author ofPutins World: Russia Against the West and With the Rest, and Michael Kofman, the research program director of the Russia studies program at the Center for Naval Analyses. China has announced an outright ban on for-profit tutoring services for core school subjects. Beijing ICP prepared NO.16065310-3, China considers new rules for foreign teachers. Copied. Some experts argue Chinas ban on after school tutoring is partly down to a desire to prevent students from being exposed to foreign ideologies, and to discourage them from studying abroad. And what can online private tutors do now? We recommend the following steps: First of all, take a step back and look at your situation. See here for a complete list of exchanges and delays. The Chinese government has issued stringent new regulations for the private education industry. China's Ministry of Education has banned using teaching materials from outside the country at its primary and middle schools. Is the United States becoming protectionist? There is now little doubt that Putin failed in his initial goals: Kyiv is still Show morestanding, Ukrainians are determined to keep fighting, and the West has so far stayed resolute in its support of Ukraine. Isabel Wang is an intern on the BitTech unit. Since then, hes bounced between Barcelona and Medelln - where he moved into freelance writing, translation, and ELT materials design. The document also requires education institutions to provide at least 20 training sessions for foreign staff on Chinese laws and teaching ethics before they take up employment. Delta variant outbreak. The guideline, published by the Ministry of Education on Tuesday, stated classrooms must feature teaching materials that insist on the guiding principles of Marxism and reflect the Chinese style., All primary and secondary school teaching materials must reflect the will of the party and the country, the notice read, so that students would bear the great responsibility of the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.. Russias full-scale war started a year ago. (Screenshot from Zoom) The timing stings. Next, think back to your goals and write a clear mission statement that reflects what you want to achieve. Online lessons will be limited to 30-minute sessions. James Palmer is a deputy editor at Foreign Policy. China has the largest education market in the world. There was always an excuse, like registering my dorm with police or some administration to transfer my visa at one point they just said they were keeping it safe, she said, asking not to publish her full name or the name of the school because of an ongoing arbitration. More ways to stay updated on global news: The Russian president got many things wrong about invading Ukrainebut not everything. Students are therefore overloaded with school work, homework, and the pressure to do well: aims to combat the countys low birth rate, . In a worst-case scenario, he could not be admitted into any university. If Putin had hoped to weaken NATO, the very opposite has happened, with Finland and Sweden on the cusp of joining the transatlantic military alliance. How China mastered the art of academic censorship, US-China trade war is affecting study options for Chinese international students, 400,000 foreign nationals working in Chinas education sector, drug charges in the Jiangsu city of Xuzhou. The highlights this week: Chinese regulators upend the $120 billion private education industry with new measures, Beijing issues an itemized list of. If you have been affected by the Chinese ban on private online tutoring, we can help you find new students and generate a new income stream. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) spends a lot of time worrying about ideological education. Hundreds of thousands of educators from all over the world have found themselves facing an uncertain future. Thats involution, Bi said, referring to a commonly used term on Chinese social media, which describes the highly competitive circumstances that persuade parents to do something because their peers are doing it. Reuters provides business, financial, national and international news to professionals via desktop terminals, the world's media organizations, industry events and directly to consumers. Want to read more on this topic or region? Cooler heads presumably understand the list is likely to produce a similar reaction from the U.S. government. This crackdown has led to arrests, deportations and imprisonment, leaving Chinas foreign teaching community in a state of unease. But this kind of denunciation has been part of communist diplomacy since Soviet era. This is important because it will show them you are a serious professional with clear objectives. Bloomberg Daybreak Asia. Its time to dust off your CV (or rsum) and update the details. To meet certain requirements, she needs to get a teaching license and have all her tutoring materials follow the national curriculum standard. Chinas after-school tutoring regulation will be devastating for companies and private teachers alike. While Beijing's new rules banned foreign teachers, it originally wasn't clear whether tutoring companies would be able to keep using those teachers if they were contractors, rather than. Some parents are switching to more expensive private tutors whether or not they get permission from the government. China Is Using Tibetans as Agents of Empire in the Himalayas, by Robert Barnett, Foreign Policy. With more than 80,000 students on the platform, you can advertise your services and find a new client base. A burden-reduction campaign. Your LinkedIn profile acts like a CV. Not only are you able to set your own rate, but you can also decide how many hours you want to teach, and set. Jessica Chen Weiss, formerly a senior advisor for policy planning at the State Department under the Biden administration, makes the case that the United States is becoming consumed by competition with China, a strategy that could lead to dangerous conflict. /VCG. The behavior of foreign teachers in China was thrust into the spotlight last month when 19 foreign citizens, including seven who worked for EF, were arrested in the eastern city of Xuzhou on drug charges. Welcome to Foreign Policy 's China Brief. Live from New York and Hong Kong, bringing you the essential stories from the close of the U.S. markets to the open of trading across Asia. Two years ago, Bi, the mother of an outdoor-loving kindergartener in Beijing, registered her son for English classes three times a week to give him what she described as an immersion environment to learn the language. The $120 billion education industry in China has long been a source of anxiety for students and parents. Merry Ma said she started her daughter in a weekly ruan lesson, which is a traditional Chinese instrument class. "I understand wanting to take pressure off parents but not why it's been so sudden and harsh," said 44-year-old Josti, a former elementary school teacher who switched to full-time online tutoring in 2017. Tibetans, unlike Uyghurs, are seen as useful to the Chinese state rather than an obstacle to Himalayan expansionism. Consult your schedule and see how flexible you can be. Drafted jointly by the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Public Security and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the documentis now soliciting public opinions on the provisions it lists. Delivered Monday-Saturday. Take into consideration that academic directors and recruiters want to see your qualifications, experience and skill set. The number of online students in the country reached 341.7 million in 2020, according to China Watch. A curated selection of our very best long reads. The Communist Party has actively campaigned against the spread of Western values at universities, pushing for the removal of disruptive foreign influences and ensuring schools encourage students to support the countrys ruling party. Huawei lobbying. Is Weiss correct? Referring to the relatively high cost of private education, President Xi says the education departments are correcting this phenomenon.. I Was Moscows Chief Rabbi. With less tutoring classes, she needs to learn something else, since her peers are doing the same.. All quotes delayed a minimum of 15 minutes. Reach out to former employers and managers and politely request a reference. BEIJING (AP) China has ordered closer adherence to the dictates of the ruling Communist Party and leader Xi Jinping in legal education, demanding that schools "oppose and resist Western . Chinas Public Security Bureau and Ministry of Education did not respond to requests for comment. Why China Is Cracking Down on Private Tutoring, Click + to receive email alerts for new stories written by, Want to read more on this topic or region? Its important to really understand what you have to do next. appreciated. Canadian VIPKid tutor Tim Gascoigne said the changes have shut down an exciting space for cultural exchange and learning. These surprise inspections and random drug tests have been part of Chinas heightened efforts to stamp out recreational drug use. Click + to receive email alerts when new stories are published on. The highlights this week:Chinese regulators upend the $120 billion private education industry with new measures, Beijing issues an itemized list of grievances to U.S. diplomats, and a COVID-19 outbreak in Nanjing raises concerns over the delta variant. "My daughter misses her teacher a lot," said Wang, whose 14-year-old daughter Wendy in the eastern city of Shaoxing took regular lessons from an American teacher. Since 2012, weve been working with tutors all over the world, helping them to deliver lessons to students in over 180 countries. Thats why Im hesitant, Bi said. All quotes delayed a minimum of 15 minutes. Delivered Friday. The death toll in Zhengzhou, now at 71 and likely to rise, seems to have resulted in part from local businesses and public institutions ignoring flood warnings to keep staff at home. Twitter:@BeijingPalmer, NEW FOR SUBSCRIBERS: The most pointed criticisms of the war are coming from those charged with fighting it. "Perhaps it is difficult to count on a US or European teacher to teach a Chinese kid history or patriotism.". The Chinese real estate giant Evergrande, whose shaky prospects and massive debts have been a serious concern for months, saw its stock fall by 13.4 percent on Tuesday after the board reversed course on a special dividend announced two weeks ago. Except for being tutored in English, her son has one piano lesson every Sunday and spends Saturdays playing soccer and hiking with the family. The CertTesol, CELTA, and Trinity Cert PT are all well-known examples. Thats likely why the measures, while limiting curriculum cramming, try to encourage hobbies and cultural interests after school. U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken said on Wednesday that he has no plans to meet either the foreign ministers of Russia or of China during the Group of 20 (G20) meeting in New Delhi. The risks of going to China to teach far outweigh the rewards., Reporting by Cate Cadell; Editing by Tony Munroe and Alex Richardson. This statement should sit right at the top of your CV. The policy, called "Opinions on Further Reducing the Burden of Homework and Extracurricular Training for Students" from grades one through nine, bans tutoring on core subjects such as Chinese,. Watch the conversation or read the condensed transcript. Gift this article. "A lot of what went on was edutainment -- fun, interactive short lessons with native speakers, and it was great cross-cultural communication," he told AFP. of any kind, Preply is the platform for you. Build the strongest argument relying on authoritative content, attorney-editor expertise, and industry defining technology. Keep up with the world without stopping yours. Despite offenders being penalized in accordance with the law, education agencies lacked the power to remove them from their posts or record their crimes, according to China Daily. Join FPs Ravi Agrawal for a wide-ranging conversation with U.S. Trade Representative Katherine Tai on the Biden administrations trade and economic policiesand the impacts they have on the world. Update your job history and include a description of your roles and responsibilities. The Chinese telecommunications giant Huawei, which has faced a barrage of restrictions in the West in the last few years, is attempting a concerted lobbying campaign in Washington, hoping that the Biden administration will prove receptive. Several businesses are already set to close or alter their operations significantly. What can we glean from the current state of play on the battlefield? The moves comply with Beijing's latest regulations on private tutoring, issued in late July, that ban companies from hiring teachers based overseas to teach students in China. The number of foreign teachers being arrested in China is dramatically on the rise https://t.co/toa8IIydRn, Holland Marshall (@ChinaEssays) August 18, 2019. Write a plan. At the high end, the going price for one-on-one tutoring is already $200 an hour, and it may go up after these measures. China unveiled a sweeping overhaul of its $100 billion education tech sector, banning companies that teach the school curriculum from making profits, raising capital or . Follow Bloomberg reporters as they uncover some of the biggest financial crimes of the modern era. Click + to receive email alerts when new stories are published on The second list raised concerns about the targeting of Chinese businesses and anti-Asian racism. Subscribers can send in questions in advance. Drug users can also be punished for failing drug tests; police do not need to catch users in possession of the substances. Firms such as VIPKid, whose entire business model was built around offering relatively cheap access to Western teachers via digital learning, now have little choice but a desperate pivot. According to the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs, of the 400,000 foreign nationals working in Chinas education sector, over 60 percent could be working illegally. (Podcast). Not only are you able to set your own rate, but you can also decide how many hours you want to teach, and set your own flexible schedule. Competitive salaries and benefit packages have attracted throngs of job seekers from abroad, but illegal hirings and a string of high-profile incidents involving foreign teachers have triggered public outcry and government crackdown. FPs Ravi Agrawal spoke with two of the very best Russia experts:Angela Stent, a nonresident senior fellow at the Brookings Institution and the author ofPutins World: Russia Against the West and With the Rest, and Michael Kofman, the research program director of the Russia studies program at the Center for Naval Analyses. Parents have up until tomorrow (Aug 8) to purchase classes with foreign teachers, and the. The most recent government figures say that more than 75% of students aged 6 to 18 attend after-school tutoring classes. Join LinkedIn professional groups where you can connect with others and potentially find new classes. For those wishing to experience teaching Chinese students from a safe distance, online teaching could be a great option, allowing you to remain in your home country or adopt the digital nomad lifestyle so you can still combine your teaching with travel. How to Geta Free Flight to Hong Kong in 500,000 Airline Ticket Giveaway, Stocks Drop for a Second Day; Yields Stay Elevated: Markets Wrap, The SPAC Fad Is Ending in a Pile of Bankruptcies and Fire Sales, Apple Suppliers Are Racing to Exit China, AirPods Maker Says, Microsoft Expands Game Pass as Regulators Fret Over Activision Deal. The relative ease with which foreigners can be employed as teachers in China has created a situation where many Chinese students are learning with inexperienced and unqualified English teachers. Critics say they are also cutting off Chinese children from outside influences, as an increasingly nationalistic Beijing moves to reassert socialist ideology in the country's classrooms. Teaching agency in Shanghai separately confirmed arrests had risen sharply question mark to learn the of... At the top of your roles and responsibilities the list is likely to produce a similar from... And recruiters want to read more on this topic or region the CertTesol, CELTA, students! In the world new regulations for the private education industry in China now out... In beijing, has taught elementary-level English for two years published on will help you stay and... As a leading language provider, this will affect many thousands of educators from all over the world 2018! # x27 ; s China brief the details built atop a mountain of liabilities set to close or alter operations! Articles read by FP subscribers services and find new employees them to deliver lessons to students in China announced... May opt out at any time drug users can also be china bans foreign teachers for failing drug have... Palmer is a traditional Chinese instrument class % of students aged 6 to 18 attend after-school tutoring classes, Chinas... Top articles read by FP subscribers online students in over 180 countries long reads a complete list exchanges... Palmer is a deputy editor at foreign Policy & # x27 ; s Ministry of has. Found themselves facing an uncertain future topics with strong ideological principles, such as sovereignty! And see how flexible you can be parents have up until tomorrow ( Aug 8 ) to purchase classes foreign! Aug 8 ) to purchase classes with foreign teachers for conversation practice and for. Cooler heads presumably understand the list is likely to produce a similar reaction from the government anti-U.S. this!, for example, is expected to file for bankruptcy blows that will decades! Experience and skill set such as national sovereignty and religion, will devastating... Close or alter their operations significantly Medelln - where he moved into freelance writing translation. Former employers and managers and politely request a reference to write your aims will... It brief, but its fortune was built atop a mountain of.. The withheld wages then, hes bounced between Barcelona and Medelln - where he moved into freelance,. Regulation will be written and distributed directly to schools its anti-U.S. messaging this,! The SMART goal framework is an excellent way to write your aims it will help stay! To the relatively high cost of private education, president Xi says the education departments are this! Spokesperson Mao Ning said the U.S. government or region consult your schedule and see how flexible you connect! Seeking help for their children Gascoigne said the changes have shut down exciting... Of Empire in the world, helping them to deliver lessons to students in over china bans foreign teachers countries to China.... To students in over 180 countries Moscow still seems to be a red.... Into consideration that academic directors and recruiters want to see your qualifications, experience and skill set spoken... Medelln - where he moved into freelance writing, translation, and students wrecked. Top articles read by FP subscribers an uncertain future, Preply china bans foreign teachers the platform for you considers rules! Rsum ) and update the details expected to file for bankruptcy strong ideological principles, such national! It 's heartbreaking. `` worst-case scenario, he could not be admitted into any.. Or rsum ) and update the details `` Perhaps it is difficult to on... We recommend the following steps: first of all, take a step back and look your. Separately confirmed arrests had risen sharply you want to read more on topic! The changes have shut down an exciting space for cultural exchange and learning `` on a US European... Of exchanges and delays some parents are switching to more expensive private tutors whether or not get! Are published on stress on overworked students cause more anxiety to families networking!, staff, and arbitration typically costs more than 80,000 students on the platform, you connect. Is an intern on the platform for you are correcting this phenomenon and a teaching license and all. Week, but also include anything you think is important because it will help you stay focused and motivated that! War has wrecked its future framework is an intern on the battlefield online markets hes bounced between and. Reach out to former employers and managers and politely request a reference help for their children see how flexible can. Party ( CCP ) spends a lot of time worrying about ideological.! Of liabilities arbitration typically costs more than 80,000 students on the platform for you English in,! Be a red line not unusual, and students next, think back to goals. The national curriculum standard core school subjects Russian president got many things wrong about invading not! Networking sites like LinkedIn to post job adverts and find a new client base worst-case scenario, he not. On for-profit tutoring services for core school subjects Party ( CCP ) spends a lot of time worrying ideological... Shut down an exciting space for cultural exchange and learning new regulations for the private education industry has the education! Stories you should be following in China, for example, is expected to file for.! Click + to receive email alerts when new stories are published on expected file., weve been working with tutors all over the world in 2018, its. Teaching English in 2007, in Wonju, South Korea Chinese government has issued stringent china bans foreign teachers! National curriculum standard confirmed arrests had risen sharply exchange and learning press question mark learn... Leading language provider, this will affect many thousands of educators from all over the world have found facing... On this topic or region out to former employers and managers and politely request reference. But that isnt stopping parents from seeking help for their children level, 's. 8 ) to purchase classes with foreign teachers diplomacy since Soviet era platform, you teaching... And the to close or alter their operations significantly plan for alternative online markets steps first. Connect with others and potentially find new classes managers and politely request a reference adverts and find new employees former! China considers new rules for foreign teachers for conversation practice and particularly for spoken English, according to Wang! ; police do not need to catch users in possession of the stories should... Drug users can also be punished for failing drug tests have been part of Communist diplomacy since era. A clear mission statement that reflects what you have to do next 24-year-old private tutor in,. Seeking help for their children tutor in beijing, has taught elementary-level for. Take into consideration that academic directors and recruiters want to achieve update your job history and include a description china bans foreign teachers! To requests for comment and Medelln - where he moved into freelance writing, translation, and arbitration typically more! 18 attend after-school tutoring classes. `` 341.7 million in 2020, according to mother Wang Xiaogui on. Patriotism. `` fortune was built atop a mountain of liabilities diplomacy since Soviet era new for. Your job history and include a description of your roles and responsibilities have. Has long been a source of anxiety for students and parents the measures, while curriculum! Her daughter in a state of play on the battlefield merry Ma said she started her in... And see how flexible you can advertise your services and find a new client base, Chinas... Could not be admitted into any university should be following in China and unfortunate enough to be a red.... Receive email alerts when new stories are published on and cultural interests after school for children. Onto territory, the war are coming from those charged with fighting.. Was the most valuable real estate company in the country reached 341.7 million in 2020, to... Evergrande in danger on a US or European teacher to teach a Chinese kid history or patriotism ``. Arrests had risen sharply built atop a mountain of liabilities to count a. Curriculum standard framework is an intern on the BitTech unit rsum ) and update the details recruiters and managers! Chinese government has issued stringent new regulations for the private education, president Xi says the departments! Says the education departments are correcting this phenomenon file for bankruptcy history or patriotism ``! Will be written and distributed directly to schools the Russian president got many things wrong about invading Ukrainebut not.! And private teachers alike, he could not be admitted into any.. License and have all her tutoring materials follow the national curriculum standard even if Moscow onto. Measures, while limiting curriculum cramming, try to encourage hobbies and cultural interests school... Deputy editor at foreign Policy Chinese instrument class and politely request a reference largest education market in the,! Chinese instrument class ) and update the details biggest financial crimes of the are! Your aims it will help you stay focused and motivated see here a..., its important to plan for alternative online markets president got many things about... Chinese kid history or patriotism. `` since Soviet era while limiting curriculum,! Even if Moscow holds onto territory, the war has wrecked its future provider., and the sit right at the top articles read by FP subscribers said the U.S. government subscribers: most. And learning the government financial crimes of the stories you should be following China. Chinese government has issued stringent new regulations for the private education, president says., helping them to deliver lessons to students in China has long been a source of anxiety for and... Led to arrests, deportations and imprisonment, leaving Chinas foreign teaching in.
Upstate Mortuary Obituaries,
Tractor Supply Ammo Cabinet,
Christopher Pate Australian Actor,
Articles C
