Kurtna was last seen in 1948 by Fr. In January 1936, he was promoted to the rank of SS-Scharfhrer (sergeant) and assigned to duty at the Gestapo main office of Stuttgart (Stapoleitstelle Stuttgart). Impressed with his abilities, he was appointed to the Holy See; the Vaticans governing body. Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke would face justice. Kappler and his first wife divorced while he was serving his sentence. In 1975 Kappler was diagnosed with cancer, but requests for his release were refused. He also said that he had refused to allow clergymen to visit the hostages before they were killed because we were pressed for time, and I know that people who are about to be executed always indulge in talking to the minister. Shortly before his trial, Mr. Kappler converted to Roman Catholicism. OFlaherty enlisted several VIPs. In January 1936, he was assigned to duty at the Gestapo central office of Stuttgart. On a prison visit in August 1977, Kapplers wife carried him out in a large suitcase, Kappler, a chain smoker, weighed less than 105 pounds at the time and escaped to West Germany, assisted by apparently unwitting carabinieri. [2], Due to Kappler's deteriorating condition and his wife's nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him. The Archive of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency includes articles published from 1923 to 2008. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. This function has been disabled for WW2 Gravestone. During those same years, Kurtna covertly spied for the Soviet Union, with devastating results for the many underground priests and faithful whose names he passed to the NKVD. They included the wife of the Irish ambassador, several priests, nuns, members of the French resistance, as well as other high-ranking nobles. Streamline your workflow with our best-in-class digital asset management system. Asked whether there werent times when such orders should be disobeyed, Mrs. Kappler replied: One cannot judge this today if one has not experienced war. As Nazi police chief in Rome, he ordered the executions in 1944 after a midtown bombing attack by partisans killed 32 SS men. [citation needed] In 1938, during the Anschluss, he supervised the mass deportations of Austrian Jews as part of the Holocaust in Austria.[3]. In 1968 she visited him for the first time in the fortress of Gaeta. At the same time, he became a stormtrooper in the Sturmabteilung (SA) and served as an SA-Mann from August 1, 1931 to December 1, 1932. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. what happened to hercules after he died . The Italians unsuccessfully demanded that Kappler be returned, but the West Germany authorities refused to extradite him and did not prosecute Kappler for any further war crimes, reportedly due to his ill health. What happened to Herbert Kappler, SS Colonel, after WWII? In his first action, 1,023 Italian Jews were deported, of whom only 16 survived. Kappler's post-war time seeking asylum in the Vatican, and his resultant friendship with his former enemy Monsignor O'Flaherty, was dramatised in the radio play The Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican by Robin Glendinning. Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence, but he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler before marrying him in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. As the authorities refused to release him, in 1977, Anneliese carried Kappler out of prison in a large suitcase (he weighed less than one hundred five pounds at the time). Upon leaving the SA, Kappler was accepted as a prospective candidate into the Schutzstaffel (SS) and appointed to the entry level probation rank of SS-Anwrter. [9][13] Kappler's first wife divorced him while he was serving his sentence. Kapplers days were over. [2], By 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer and he was moved to a military hospital in Rome in 1976. Herbert had 2 siblings: Gertrude Krener (born Kappler) and one other sibling. In January 1936, he was assigned to duty at the Gestapo central office of Stuttgart. Kappler died on 09-02-1978, at home in Soltau at the age of 70. Herbert Kappler became Hitler's man in Rome after the arrest of Benito Mussolini. 9 (Reuters)Herbert Kappler; a_convicted Nazi war criminal, died of stomach cancer here today, six months after- a daring escape from a Rome military hospital. In 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer and he was moved to a military hospital in Rome in 1976. He later married Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with him, before marrying him at a prison ceremony in 1972. By this time Kappler had also converted to Catholicism, partly due to the influence of his war-time opponent, the Vatican diplomat Mgr. WWII had little effect on the Monsignors status in Rome even though Italy was part of the Axis powers. In retaliation for the armistice between Italy and the Allies on 8 September 1943, the German military occupied Rome and Kappler was appointed as Chief of the Security Police and Security Service (Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) for all SS and Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) units deployed in Rome. She lowered him out a fourthfloor window with a mountainclimbing harness, hid him in a box and drove to West Germay. (1997), Military history of Italy during World War II, "An Italian doctor explains "Syndrome K", the fake disease he invented to save Jews from the Nazis", "Weitere Grber nicht mehr namenlos (neues deutschland)", "La vedova di Kappler a Trento per il culto del Simonino", "Erich Priebke, Nazi Who Carried Out Massacre of 335 Italians, Dies at 100", "Nazi funeral that's forcing Italy to face its past", "Kappler's escape MEETING WITH Hon. Kappler's activities between 1929 and 1931 are little known, except that he was living in Stuttgart, occasionally performing work as an electrician. Irmgard was born on December 9 1908. He served as the Vaticans diplomat to Egypt, Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Czechoslovakia. After his sentencing (which upheld his lifetime conviction), Kappler went ahead with the conversion. He later married Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with him, before marrying him at a prison ceremony in 1972. This page was last changed on 26 July 2021, at 19:26. This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. He served as head of German police and security services (Sicherheitspolizei and SD) in Rome during the Second World War and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre.[1][2]. Kappler was born to a middle-class family in Stuttgart in what was still the German Empire. Herbert Kappler joined the Nazi Party on August 1, 1931 at the age of twenty three. (Photo by Stefano Montesi/Corbis via Getty Images), 2001 x 2880 px (6.67 x 9.60 in) - 300 dpi - 1 MB. He underwent six months of indoctrination training, and was sworn into the SS on May 8, 1933. Herbert Kappler of the German Army carried out a massacre of Italian civilians at the Ardeatine Caves near Rome on March 24, 1944. By using this website we assume that you agree with this. List of aircraft of the Malaysian Armed Forces, Italy and the Second World War (1940-1945), Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, German police officers convicted of murder, Military history of Italy during World War II, http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/features/2011/0304/1224291271284.html?via=mr, http://catholicexchange.com/2009/02/25/116165/, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,915344,00.html, Sturmabteilung: August 8, 1931 December 1, 1932 (SA-Mann), Wehrmacht: June 11, 1935 September 21, 1936 (. She also denied receiving financial aid for the escape from any group, but admitted, during a TV interview, that she had received money from various groups representing former SS members. During his captivity, Kappler wrote to his former rival and asked him to come and visit. In 1931, Herbert Kappler formally became a Nazi Party member. iie was 70 years old. The Italians unsuccessfully demanded that Kappler be returned, but the West Germany authorities refused to extradite him and did not prosecute Kappler for any further war crimes, reportedly due to his ill health. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. Ironically, Kurtna's Soviet masters failed to appreciate or reward his loyalty. In January 1936, he was assigned to duty at the Gestapo main office in Stuttgart. The radio play was first broadcast on 30 November 2006 on UK BBC Radio 4. He rose to the rank of SS- Obersturmbannfhrer and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre as well as dealing with Vatican City over its neutrality. . Kappler came into direct conflict with the Vatican, as the Germans had strong suspicions that it was harboring Allied fugitives and escaped prisoners, even though the Vatican under Pope Pius XII was technically neutral. Instead, in 1918 he enrolled at Mungret College; a Jesuit school which trained missionaries. During this time one of his only regular visitors was none other that The Monsignor himself who visited him every month for 10 years as well as writing to him regularly and subsequently baptizedhim to the Catholic faith. Herbert Kappler was born on September 23, 1907, to a middle-class family in Stuttgart in the German Empire. As part of the latter operation, Kappler successfully extorted 50 kilograms of gold (110 lbs.) As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Six months after his escape, Kappler died at home in Soltau, on February 9, 1978, aged 70.[4]. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. It is estimated his group hid over 6,500 people for the remainder of the war in farms, convents, churches, and private apartments. Access the best of Getty Images with our simple subscription plan. Kappler was born on September 23, 1907, to a middle-class family in the city of Stuttgart in what was then the German Empire. During this action, he demanded 110 pounds of gold from the Jewish community in Rome, which he later claimed was an attempt to prevent the round-up and the deportations. Shahan Russell is one of the authors writing for WAR HISTORY ONLINE. Even so, due to his membership in the SA and Nazi Party dating from 1931, Kappler was considered an Alter Kmpfer and awarded the Honour Chevron for the Old Guard in 1934. The only people he did not ask for help were his superiors who were anxious to avoid antagonizing the Nazis. SOLTAU, West Germany, Feb. 9 (Reuters)Herbert Kappler; a_convicted Nazi war criminal, died of stomach cancer here today, six months after- a daring escape from a Rome military hospital. Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty and his organisation were a major obstruction to the brutal Kappler and his Gestapo during this period. He later married Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with him, before marrying him at a prison ceremony in 1972. Hugh O'Flaherty, who also often visited him in prison, and with whom Kappler often discussed literature and religion. In the 1973 feature film Massacre in Rome, which deals with the Ardeatine massacre, Kappler was portrayed by actor Richard Burton. His wife, who had helped get him back to West Germany, declared at the time that she wanted him to be able to die in his own house. Therefore, he was allowed to visit POW camps throughout Italy. While there, he asked to speak to the Monsignor and was probably surprised when OFlaherty agreed. I recommend you watch his trial here. Kappler prison photo -Public domain via Wikimedia Commons. As the Allied armies invaded Italy and began moving north towards Rome, Kappler became significantly involved in hunting suspected Allied agents and Allied prisoners-of-war which had escaped Italian POW camps after the Italian Army capitulated. The Monsignor's activities covertly assisting Jews and other fugitives led both Kappler and his Italian colleague Pietro Koch to repeatedly plot O'Flaherty's kidnapping, torture, and summary execution in vain. By 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer and he was moved to a military hospital in Rome in 1976. Archive stories reflect the journalistic standards and practicesof the time they were published. Marina was born in Rome on November 4, 1942, to Jewish parents Giuseppe Del Monte and Clara Limentani. Over the next year, Kappler began to be noticed by his superiors and was introduced to Reinhard Heydrich (although some sources state Kappler knew Heydrich for some time before[1]). The West German authorities refused to return Kappler because of his poor health and he died at home 6 months later. Kappler was next entrusted with Jewish roundups for transportation to Auschwitz; in his first action, 1,023 Italian Jews were deported with only 16 surviving, and Kappler would later arrange the deportation of a further 993 Roman Jews, nearly all of whom would eventually perish in Nazi gas chambers. 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OFlaherty was told he would be shot if he crossed the line not that it stopped him. Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke . Kappler was posted to Rome as head of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) and throughout the war years he cooperated closely with the Fascist police. Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence, but he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler before marrying him in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. . What happened to Herbert Kapplers first wife? Berlin directed him to have 10 times as many Italians shot in retaliation. This website makes use of cookies to ensure that the website works properly. An SS officer, he had been an adviser to Italy's fascist police. ROME, ITALY 1996: Annalise Kappler, wife of Herbert Kappler, lieutenant Colonel SS German and Paolo Giachini, lawyer former SS, arrives to testify in favor of SS officer Erich Priebke during the trial at Military Court of former SS officer Erich Priebke for participating in the 1944 massacre at the Ardeatine caves in Rome in which 335 civilians, including 75 Jews, were killed during World War II. She was their only child. Kappler converted to Roman Catholicism. Kappler and his first wife divorced while he was serving his sentence. Collect, curate and comment on your files. Kappler's main activities during this period involved suppressing resistance groups, rounding up "enemies of the state", and enforcing anti-Jewish measures, conducting Jewish ghetto raids, and deportations to extermination camps. You got lucky! [10], In 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer. Where is Herbert Kappler buried? Annalise Kappler, wife of Herbert Kappler, lieutenant Colonel SS German and Paolo Giachini, lawyer former SS, arrives to testify in favor of SS. Retrieved from Wikimedia . [citation needed] In 1937, Kappler graduated from the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolizei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin as a Kriminalkommissar (criminal commissioner). He also coordinated the rescue of downed pilots, providing them with food, medicine and safe houses throughout Italy. Over the years, the two developed a strange friendship. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government to release him were denied by Italian authorities. During his teenage years Hugh was a talented student and golfer . Living in a major city such as Stuttgart, Kappler was a witness to the chaos of the Great Depression, the expansion of the Freikorps, and the rise of the Nazi Party. Statis. If he discovered prisoners who were deemed missing-in-action, he attempted to notify their families. He mingled with Victor Emmanuel III, the King of Italy and he also became friendly with Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini; the founder of Italian Fascism. [5][10], Meanwhile, Kappler's moles inside the Vatican included an Estonian national and former Byzantine Rite seminarian from the Russicum named Alexander Kurtna, who worked from 1940 until 1944 as a translator for the Vatican's Congregation for the Eastern Churches. Hugh OFlaherty, who often visited Kappler in prison, discussing literature and religion with him. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government to release him were denied by Italian authorities. Following the armistice between Italy and the Allied Forces on September 8, 1943, the German military occupied Rome and Kappler was ordered to serve as Chief of the Security Police and Security Service (Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) for all SS and police units deployed in Rome. He died of cancer in 1978, never having been returned to Prison. She defended these donations on the grounds that she had spent her entire savings to try and secure her husbands release and to care for him while he was a prisoner. With a portion of Italy under German occupation, those POWs were at risk of being recaptured. Obersturmbannfhrer Herbert Kappler in 1946; By 1943, the Italians had suffered a series of humiliating defeats at the hands of the Allied powers. Kunigunde was born on August 21 1882. Kappler was in charge of Jewish roundups for deportations to Auschwitz. Since the marriage had remained childless, the couple adopted a boy from a Lebensborn home. We have no ads to show you! Although most were Allied soldiers, some were Jews. His appointment to Italy was the result of his security police experience, connections with the SS leadership (Reinhard Heydrich, in particular), as well as a fluency in the Italian language. [14][15], In 1948, Kappler was tried by an Italian Army military tribunal and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Gaeta military prison. The man in charge of the Nazis was Herbert Kappler; head of the SS and Gestapo in Rome. This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. In 1937, Kappler (now an SS-Oberscharfhrer (staff sergeant)) was sent by his Gestapo superiors to attend the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolzei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin from which he graduated in the summer of 1937 as a certified Kriminalkommissar (Criminal Commissioner). Because of Kappler's deteriorating condition and his wife's nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him during his time in the Italian hospital. Mr. Kappler, who was a colonel in Hitler's elite SS police force, died in his own bed in this small country town. Mr. Kappler, who died yesterday, was serving a life term for ordering the 1944 reprisal killing of 335 Italians when his wife, Anneliese, helped him escape from a prison hospital in Rome six. He was head of German police and security services (Sicherheitspolizei and SD) in Rome during the Second World War and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre.[1][2]. The radio play was first broadcast on November 30, 2006 on UK BBC Radio 4. By 1943, the Italians had suffered a series of humiliating defeats at the hands of the Allied powers. In 1935, as part of Germany's rearming programs, Kappler was called up to serve in the Wehrmacht. Question ( 102766) Answer ( 32) Member ( 11) Herbert Kappler was born on month day 1906, to Fritz Kappler and Kunigunde Kappler (born Siebentritt). Contents By 1929, he was a certified electrician, still living in Stuttgart. A particular adversary of Kappler's in this respect was Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty, whose activities helping Jewish fugitives and Allied prisoners escape Rome led to Kappler having him targeted for assassination. His Nazi Party membership number was 594,899. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Anyone can read what you share. By this time, Kappler had also converted to Catholicism,[16] due to the influence of his war-time enemy, Mgr. Of the citys 9,700 Jews, 5,000 were hidden by the Vatican at different properties, and3,700 were hidden by OFlahertys group. He was buried on the Soltau Stadtfriedhof, but Leif Stjerna found out that Kapplers removed the gravestone and put it in his garden and the burial ground looks now different. Kappler ordered a white line painted at the entrance to St. Peters Square to delineate the boundary between the Vatican City and the rest of Italy. In these measures, Kappler came into direct conflict with the Vatican, which was highly suspected of harboring Allied fugitives and escaped prisoners, even though the Vatican under Pope Pius XII was technically neutral. The colonel testified at his trial that he had had to fire the first shot himself because the officer chosen to do so had become ill at the scene. He would never join his diocese. Because of Kapplers deteriorating condition and his wifes nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him after he was transferred to an Italian hospital. Upon the outbreak of World War II, in September 1939, Kappler was serving as an SS-Hauptsturmfhrer (captain) out of the Stuttgart Gestapo main office. from the Jews of Rome, which Kappler later alleged was an attempt to prevent the deportations.[3][8][9]. While serving his sentence in prison, Herbert Kappler divorced his first wife and married his nurse, Anneliese, in 1972. He said the Jews had committed no crime other than being Jews, but were about to be deported to Germany.. This set the stage for further advancement and Kappler was commissioned a Gestapo officer, with the rank of SS-Untersturmfhrer (second lieutenant), on November 9, 1938 (the traditional anniversary of the Munich Beer Hall Putsch). It was later performed live under the name Kingfishers Catch Fire.[21]. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. Hugh OFlaherty was born on February 28, 1898, in County Cork, Ireland. In 1977, his wife visited him in prison and smuggled him out in a large suitcase (owing to his illness he weighed only 105 pounds at the time). It was a large and prestigious establishment, owned by an uncle. He would be Kapplers only visitor until 1959. Kappler presided over the Ardeatine massacre, a mass killing of some 335 civilians and political prisoners on March 24, 1944. 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