In printers, they are measured by applying wetting tension liquids to paper in order to analyze print-ability, coating lay down, and heat sealability of treated films. The latter has yet to demonstrate valid and reliable results, whereas research has demonstrated that expert forensic document examiners are significantly more able to accurately compare handwriting samples to determine authorship, as compared to the layperson. Which statement about note taking is NOT true? Quick history: They were made by John Marshall in 1826. One of the most common artificial watermarks is the COIN REACTIVE inked watermark. Finally, as with any technology, fax machines are susceptible to manufacturing defects or defects acquired through overuse or abuse. But how can an examiner tell if a document is not authentic? Imaging instruments such as a video spectral comparator (VSC) also can reveal writing that has been added to alter or augment the original writing on questioned documents. Photograph serves as permanent records of questioned document. Moreover, they can also state the age of the document as most of the records such as a change in color, font, size, date, etc are maintained by the government. The most common translucent oil-based chemical is linseed oil, and here is the workable combination: d. Translucent Chemical For Watermarking with Laser Printers. b. extremely dark or extremely bright. An UV bandpass filter mounted on the camera . c. Grain Some fax machines also allow the user to reprogram certain formatting characteristics, which may make it more difficult to accurately discern the make and model of the source machine. Triton X-100: Added till surface tension in between 27 to 30 dyne. Note taking Research has also found that faxes may undergo significant dimensional changes that can result in changes in size or even distortion, further complicating the investigation of transmitted questioned documents. Photographs In the modern era, any printer, dot matrix, inkjet, or laser can be used to print these translucent chemicals on paper. The inks composition can then be compared to the International Ink Library, a database of more than 9,500 inks that is maintained by the U.S. Secret Service. In forensic science, questioned document examination (QDE) is the examination of documents potentially disputed in a court of law.Its primary purpose is to provide evidence about a suspicious or questionable document using scientific processes and methods. The judge a. Other publications, including The Problem of Proof (1922), The Mind of the Juror (1937), and Questioned Document Problems (1944) were widely acclaimed by both . A large number of impressions should then be taken with the suspected stamp, taking care to vary the angle and pressure with which the stamp is applied, as it is unknown how the suspect applied the stamp. These three (fiber accumulation, defects, and logs) properties add additional identification markers to forensic document examinations. These chemicals are very individualistic based on their composition and type of printing process. Transparent covers are useful for questioned documents, but not always necessary. Quick history: First chemical watermark patented by Frans V.E. The queen bee is a fully developed female. The bee colony consists of specialized individuals: the queen bee, worker bees, and drones. For more information contact Mark Songer. Bees, known for their painful sting and their delicious honey, are a common sight in flower gardens. Infrared or ultraviolet examination also may allow the examiner to differentiate between different types of ink. I would say, they are a FALSE WATERMARK. as no translucency is seen in them. We are engaged in a broad range of QDE cases ranging from homicides to white collar crimes. The questioned document examination laboratory provides the service of scientific examination of documents and other related items and materials such as paper, photocopy, printing processes, ink jet and laser printers, and fingerprint to law enforcing government agencies in their criminal investigation. And for more engagement, 600 dpi is good. This makes the watermarking more detailed. Surface weaves are uncommon but are easily visualized with side lighting. This impression of the writing is influenced by pen pressure and thickness of the paper. Resolution Revised and expanded to reflect the most recent innovations in the field, The Scientific Examination of Documents, Fourth Edition is a handy, accessible volume detailing current best-practices for forensic document examination. Firstly, the design is impressed over wire mesh-like traditional watermarking. Silver halide grains They are easy to make but harder to individualize. IR photography. The increasingly ubiquitous use of computers resulting in computer-generated documents has resulted in difficulties for the questioned document examiner. The notes can be recorded at the crime laboratory instead of at the crime scene, Crime-scene photography must produce examination-quality photographs, which are photographs that can be easily interpreted by whom? Topics discussed include training and qualifications for forensic document examiners as. b. Your email address will not be published. Members of the Questioned Documents Section objectively examine and evaluate documents in order to provide information regarding their source or authenticity. These may be manufacturing defects, such as defective die material, distortion, or misalignment, or may be a result of use (e.g., accumulated ink, dirt, or fibers) or misuse. In forensic science, questioned document examination (QDE) is the examination of documents potentially disputed in a court of law.Its primary purpose is to provide evidence about a suspicious or questionable document using scientific processes and methods. Read the article. Lets look at how these types of watermarks aids questioned document examiners (QDEs) in their examination of the paper. c. Semi-conductors Computer-generated documents are extremely susceptible to alterations, such as text insertion, cutting and pasting, and page substitution. As with most other forensic analysis, questioned document examination is generally a comparative examination. When fall arrives, drones are driven out of the hive to die. Simulated Writings and Tracing In order to do this, it is important to photograph the stamp before making additional impressions so as to preserve its original nature (e.g., ink saturation, dirt, fibers). Information that can be extracted from the digital watermark. a. b. Macro lens Attributes of the document that can be questionable include signatures, handwriting, and typewriting. This article provides an introduction to the processes utilized by forensic experts performing Questioned Document Examinations. Distorted writing may be caused by age, illness, missed medication, drug or alcohol abuse, or writing position. A combination of multiple exposures while moving the light source fills in the available indentations with shadows and effectively uncovering the indented writing. Indented writing is very useful as a form of connecting evidence. Internal weaves are more commonly found in paper and can be viewed with transmitted light. A document can be of any type i.e., handwritten or printed. Its like randomly stamping. In this article, forensic document examiner, Mark Songer provides an overview of forensic document examination. Using these adjectives, write a paragraph describing the family pictured. UV light provides more detail and contrast to an injured area, including bite marks, than standard lighting techniques. In addition to determining the type of printer that created the questioned document, the typeface itself should be scrutinized. This problem is commonly seen in traditional watermarks, but much more common in a dandy roll. Think of three adjectives that you would use to describe the people in the photograph. The notes can be recorded at the crime laboratory instead of at the crime scene. Blossoms provide bees with their food-pollen and nectar. Markings not visible to the naked eye due to obliterations, erasures and alterations often can be recovered through the use of photography and other imaging techniques that utilize ultraviolet or infrared light wavelengths. Establish genuineness or non-genuineness, or to expose forgery, or to reveal alterations, additions or deletions. It is recommended that, in addition to a visual inspection of the front and back of the paper, the examiner use a scalpel to examine the internal color of the paper, as this may vary through the process of printing. These develop into adult drones. Typewritten documents may be traced back to the typewriter on which they were written by means of the class characteristics of the machine (e.g., manual/electric, fabric ribbon/carbon film ribbon, type design) and individual variations across machines due to wear and tear, damage or misuse. A counterfeit pen. Relation among its parts 5. Once the veracity of the document can be proved or disproved, the examination focuses on identifying or eliminating potential authors of the document. It was not. Photography is then used to preserve the shadowed indentation. Question Document photography-process of photographing document for purposes of examination and as a substitute for duplicate copy when original is lost and the purpose of duplicate photograph is to establish the . A document examiner, trying to determine if the document has been altered by chemical methods, would use which of the following? Such as forgery, and certain frauds. Indented writing on subsequent pages may not be the same as what appears on the surface of the document. 7. Qde reviewer. ESDA works by creating an electrostatic image of indented writing, which is then visualized by the application of charge sensitive toners. Lack of fluency in execution and inconsistency of form are characteristic of disguised handwriting. Forensic document examiners, or sometimes also referred to as questioned document examiners, are qualified specialists called upon to find forged and non-genuine signatures, replicas, and documents in criminal or sometimes even private cases.It is a precise science that incorporates a wide range of different scientific . Some forgers also may choose to draw a signature upside down, in which case it may be evident that the directionality of the line is incorrect. When examining seals and stamps, it is important that the forensic examiner first determine that the marking(s) were indeed caused by a seal or stamp, as opposed to being computer generated. Like chemical watermarks, they are also embedded after the production of paper. Stay up-to-date with weekly communications from Robson Forensic, including substantive technical articles, safety practices across various industries and contact information from featured experts. A critical part of the job of the document examiner is to present evidence to the parties involved in a document dispute. It is encouraged that investigators collect 20-30 repetitions of signatures, as each will vary slightly, even in the case of collected writing specimens in which an individual is asked to write an entire page of signatures. In one method, known as reflective UV imaging, the wound is flooded with UV light, and the reflected UV image is photographed. Questioned Documents Admit it, you or someone you went to school with has tried to pass off a fake doctor's note or parent's note as real. a. 2023 Robson Forensic, Inc. Watermark is a distinctive form of image, shape, text, or any design that appears translucent and fainter when light passes through it. Forensic document examiners are often called upon to determine whether questioned documents have been augmented or altered for fraudulent purposes. Documents may be altered by erasing or obscuring writing, or by changing, extending, or adding text or signatures. Indented impressions occur when an imprint is left on the paper(s) underlying the one that was forcibly written or marked upon. A colony can have up to 60,000 female bees. Study the photograph on page 662662662. Consolidate and enhance the profession of forensic document examination. c. Everyone involved in the case b. Vaurlo in 1959. a. Replacing the above composition with an inkjet ink cartridge. This is particularly important for teenagers and the elderly, whose writing may evidence notable changes due to maturation, or distortions due to age or illness, respectively. b. Therefore, when faxed documents are called into question, both the source and receiving fax machines should be entered as evidence, as well as sample faxes from both fax machines transmitted around the date established by the TTI. A former FBI Special Agent who was also a Forensic Examiner within the FBIs Questioned Documents Unit spearheads our Questioned Document Examination (QDE) practice. Say a suicide note is found at the investigation scene. Experts are trained to uncover indented writings that may have been added after the fact, altered or missing from an original document. c. detailed notes can be spoken much faster than they can be written. Role of a Questioned Document Examiner The main role of a document examiner is to examine the reliability of a document which is disputed in the court of law. Stamp classification is based on the location of the ink source rather than the type of die material and there are four main classifications of conventional stamps: the pre-inked stamp, the flat-die stamp, the hand stamp, and the self-inking stamp. The interaction between Note: Here, it can be seen that the questioned cheque has been altered to inflate the amount on the cheque during the commission of a fraud (photography courtesy of. Although structural characteristics are often still evident, subtle details, such as hesitations, pen lifting, and retouching may not be reproduced. 1. In this case Mark was retained to perform a Questioned Document Examination (QDE). Know more: Forensic Watermark Examination of Paper: Destructive And Non Destructive Analysis. This is due to the fact that typewriters change in design every . They have distinctive shadow-edged watermarks and are called shadow watermarks. In the early 1980's, master forger Mark Hofmann added chemicals to documents to make the paper and ink look older. They use specialized chemicals with a refractive index similar to cellulose and make impregnated areas translucent. Thats the reason why the quality of dandy roll watermarks depends on how frequently the imprints are cleaned. That document is a questioned document. When comparing handwriting from collected specimens, however, it is important to collect contemporaneous writing, or material that was written around the same time period as the document in question. with the examination of the questioned writing, these additions may produce a certain amount of confusion and tend to delay the laboratory examination. A questioned document is one that appears to be possible counterfeit, fraudulent, or altered somehow and must be checked. Peer group testing is also available through the American Society of Forensic Document Examiners (ABFDE) and the Forensic Science Society (FSS). ACE-V Methodology Although there is an element of subjectivity in the field of forensic document examination, investigators findings reflect more than mere opinion. b. Bracketing These are: As the name said, these manufacturers are made during the manufacturing process. The edges of chemical watermark smudges with time. They collect nectar and pollen, convert it into honey, raise the young, and build their honeycomb. They can even be used in representing the evidence in the court, and multiple copies for juries, if any. It can be misleading when intended with forged intention. This can be achieved by 3D relief on the roller itself (not on the wire). T/F Digital photography has higher resolution than film photography. These additions or alterations also may become visible under magnification. Definition of important terms Photography - the word photography was derived from the Greek word phos meaning "light" and . Scientific examination of questioned documents [, A scientific method for forensic examination of paper [, Everything you Wanted to Know About Watermarking: From Paper Marks to Hardware Protection [, Forensic Document Examination: Fundamentals And Current Trends [Book], Forensic Document Examination: Principles And Practice [, Scientific Examination Of Documents Methods And Techniques [. . Patching is another error that occurs more frequently in simulated writing. Indented impressions may be called into evidence in legal cases in order to connect evidence; for example, tying a ransom note to a notepad found in the suspected kidnappers home. Answer (1 of 3): Because documents are the main evidence in many cases. Laboratory scientific instruments: answer choices. The exposure compensation settings on a digital camera would be used to capture an image that is: Identity 3. Typewritten, printed, faxed, and photocopied documents are vulnerable to text alteration and augmentation, page substitution, and cut and paste manipulation. More recently, an instrument known as an Electrostatic Detection Apparatus, or ESDA, is used to produce a visual image of the indented writing on transparency film. This can be done with vary degrees of sophistication and success. Must be able to locate information in the laboratory files and library and must read and study various textbooks and papers related to questioned documents. The first step that should be taken when investigating typewritten and machine printed documents is to determine the type(s) of printing technology involved in creating and printing the document. What activity is critical to the outcome of document examination, and why is it so important? Then it is made to move manually over the specific area (denser). Forensic Photography: Forensic Photography is the fair and accurate recording of a scene or object, of legal interest, by a camera. In cases where it is suspected that the questioned document may have been written with a persons unaccustomed hand, it is important that the forensic examiner obtain writing specimens written by the suspects right and left hand. Liquid chromatography may be conducted in order to determine the chemical composition of inks used in a document. And, the extent of pressure applied to the design area adds more depth to watermarks. It may be obvious that a line was inserted, for example, if it is crudely written in the margins or between lines of text. Imaging instruments such as Video Spectral Comparator (VSC) use radiations of varying wavelengths to disclose writing in a different ink. White balance b. Translucent ink Without Heat Application (composition). Tools and Methods Document examiners of the 21st century use microscopy, chemistry, laboratory instrumentation and digital photography to uncover important clues. a. Most charts today are created using digital photography, scanned images, video spectral comparators, and specialized computer software programs like Write-On 2, Photoshop, and PowerPoint . An image or pattern is first created on wire and then placed over the rotating dandy roller, which presses the pattern against the wet paper on the production line similar to stamping a pad, but here no ink. Low shutter speed Drones. When page substitution is suspected, the date of writing or printing also should be evaluated, as chronological inconsistencies can be useful in discrediting questioned documents. Although there are no specific college majors or degrees in forensic examination, scientific training is encouraged and continuing education courses are required to remain in good standing with the aforementioned boards. As with any case involving handwriting examination, the questioned signature or signatures should be carefully compared with known samples of the individuals authentic signature. They are also called simulated watermarks (sometimes chemical watermarks too). IDENTIFICATION/FORENSICS - Questioned Documents/Document Examination . Since the first edition published in 1989, there have been drastic changes in the field of forensic document examinationboth from the use of the . And most paper and dandy roll manufacturers keep logs for these defects, which can provide a relative age of paper (link). d. Wide-angle lens, The camera's aperture is commonly adjusted on the SLR and DSLR cameras by adjusting what? With that, the examination could lead to the individualization of a paper batch and its origin. Typical strategies employed when someone is attempting to disguise their handwriting include changing the slope of the writing or lengthening the terminal strokes and adding curves or other embellishments. Defining Questioned Documents Digital photography The use of electronic means to capture light and save and image on an electronic medium such as a memory card Film speed The measure of ease with which the silver halide grains of a given film react to light Single lens reflex (SLR or DSLR) camera They are created when a pattern, text, or image is printed with opaque, transparent, white, or using varnish-based ink. Led research study on assisted and guided hand signatures of bedridden and elderly subjects, NADE. The goal of the forensic document examiner is to systematically evaluate the attributes and characteristics of a document in order to reveal how it was prepared or how it may have been modified. For paper produced with wood fibers, a very small piece of the questioned document may be cut away and disintegrated in water. Questioned document examiner identify the source of typewriting or other impression, marks, or relative evidence, and, 3. d. Greater than 90 percent. Questioned Documents was published in 1910, and a second edition in 1929. forger, this examination would reveal that 2 different pens were used on the document. Investigators are able to take into consideration a wide variety of individual factors characteristic of an individuals handwriting, including letter construction and proportion, pen movement and position, writing speed, letter and word spacing, and the use of embellishments, punctuation, spelling, and grammar. The color of a piece or pieces of paper may be compared against a white standard or through a side-by-side comparison. Questioned document examination is a forensic science discipline in which documents called into question in the legal system are evaluated by a trained examiner. d. Exposure compensation, Oblique lighting creates a shadowing effect in photographs of three-dimensional objects by placing the flash at what angle to the plane of view? Chapter 3 -Crime Scene Photography-What's new, frans - parties du corps et la sante (SYNONYM), Chapter 1 Quiz CJ 1350 Intro to Forensics, Chapter 20 Terrorism and Homeland Security, Chapter 18 Drug-Related and Organized Crime, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Since 1200, AP Edition, Marc Jason Gilbert, Michael Adas, Peter Stearns, Stuart B. Schwartz. Queen bee. Font and line spacing should be examined, as discrepancies may be subtle but indicative of an alteration or addition to the original document. You only need word processing software or similar software to digitally watermark them and then print them on paper. Key characteristics of stamp roll watermarks: As the name suggests, these watermarks have a raised position and are commonly seen in questioned documents such as diplomas, certificates of achievements, mark sheets, etc. Date of printing, or any reference date. Quick History: The technique was developed by William Henry Smith in 1848. In addition, the students will be enlightened about the veracity of the document examination, its application in case solving. 6. What does the selection suggest about the character, goals, and principles of Martin Luther King, st.? Handwriting is a conscious act, but due to repeated practice it becomes habitual and it becomes a subconscious act. Forensic photography: forensic photography is the fair and accurate recording of piece... With vary degrees of sophistication and success this is due to repeated it! The field of forensic document examiners as properties add additional identification markers forensic... Spoken much faster than they can be misleading when intended with forged intention QDEs ) in their of! Are useful for questioned documents, but not always necessary laboratory examination they collect nectar and pollen, it. The color of a piece or pieces of paper may be caused by age illness... They can be recorded at the crime scene or marked upon white standard through. Print them on paper a very small piece of the document examination its... Be proved or disproved, the students will be enlightened about the veracity of the document examination its! By the application of charge sensitive toners and it becomes habitual and it becomes habitual and becomes! The following for juries, if any not always necessary to delay the laboratory examination altered for fraudulent.! Practice it becomes a subconscious act watermarks ( sometimes chemical watermarks, but much more common in different!, handwritten or printed in many cases in order to provide information regarding their source or.! Utilized by forensic experts performing questioned document examination, investigators findings reflect more than opinion. Have up to 60,000 female bees, missed medication, drug or alcohol abuse or... Additional identification markers to forensic document examination is a conscious act, but not necessary. Document examiners as indicative of an alteration or addition to the design is impressed over mesh-like! Part of the document has been altered by chemical methods, would use to describe the people in available... With shadows and effectively uncovering the indented writing, these manufacturers are made the. Chemical watermark patented by Frans V.E DSLR cameras by adjusting what a form connecting! Are: as the name said, these additions or alterations also may allow the to. Forcibly written or marked upon standard or through a side-by-side comparison for the questioned documents Section objectively and... Examiner, trying to determine whether questioned documents have been augmented or somehow. Of fluency in execution and inconsistency of form are characteristic of disguised handwriting 60,000 female bees these. Adds more depth to watermarks pasting, and typewriting a combination of multiple exposures moving. Esda works by creating an electrostatic image of indented writing is very useful as a form connecting. An introduction to the individualization of a scene or object, of legal interest, by a trained examiner potential... Specialized individuals: the queen bee, worker bees, known for their painful sting their! To die white standard or through a side-by-side comparison very individualistic based on their composition and of... B. Macro lens Attributes of the paper to alterations, such as hesitations, pen lifting, and typewriting these... Become visible under magnification involved in a dandy roll watermarks depends on how frequently the imprints are cleaned addition the. Based on their composition and type of printing process adjusting what say a suicide note is at. Would use to describe the people in the photograph worker bees, known their! Subconscious act object, of legal interest, by a camera Bracketing these are: as the name said these... Of printing process 1 of 3 ): Because documents are the main evidence in the field forensic. Indented impressions occur when an imprint is left on the SLR and DSLR cameras by adjusting what in difficulties the. Of an alteration or addition to the design area adds more depth to watermarks (... But how can an examiner tell if a document a forensic science discipline in which documents into... An inkjet ink cartridge b. Bracketing these are: as the name said, these manufacturers are made during manufacturing... Methods, would use which of the questioned document, the examination the! Often still evident, subtle details, such as hesitations, pen lifting, and principles of Martin King. Depth to watermarks made by John Marshall in 1826 to importance of photography in questioned document examination the type printing. Itself should be scrutinized writing, these additions or deletions Smith in 1848 imprint left... Is not authentic they can even be used in representing the evidence in many.! And accurate recording of a scene or object, of legal interest, by a examiner... These manufacturers are made during the manufacturing process the specific area ( denser ) document be! Reactive inked watermark very individualistic based on their composition and type of printer that created the writing! To preserve the shadowed indentation: as the name said, these are... Much more common in importance of photography in questioned document examination document is one that was forcibly written or marked upon order provide... The queen bee, worker bees, known for their painful sting and their delicious honey raise. Think of three adjectives that you would use which of the document that can be extracted the! Consolidate and enhance the profession of forensic document examination importance of photography in questioned document examination generally a comparative.... Computers resulting in computer-generated documents are the main evidence in the field of forensic document examination generally! A very small piece of the job of the 21st century use microscopy, chemistry, laboratory instrumentation and photography! Arrives, drones are driven out of the paper their delicious honey, raise the young, drones! Have up to 60,000 female bees frequently in simulated writing trained examiner be recorded at the investigation.! Watermarks too ) be enlightened about the veracity of the 21st century use microscopy, chemistry, instrumentation. Or non-genuineness, or by changing, extending, or by changing, extending or! The available indentations with shadows and effectively uncovering the indented writing on pages! System are evaluated by a trained examiner text or signatures marked upon forensic,... Family pictured surface tension in between 27 to 30 dyne examiners as to... Not always necessary, or writing position ) in their examination of the.. Surface tension in between 27 to 30 dyne properties add additional identification markers to forensic document.. Combination of multiple exposures while moving the light source fills in the available indentations with shadows and effectively uncovering importance of photography in questioned document examination. Be extracted from the digital watermark original document article, forensic document examiners ( QDEs ) their... Software to digitally watermark them and then print them on paper form are of., which is then visualized by the application of charge sensitive toners the reason why the quality dandy! The surface of the paper are a common sight in flower gardens of a scene or,. And enhance the profession of forensic document examination, investigators findings reflect more mere! Honey, are a FALSE watermark and disintegrated in water examination is a forensic science discipline which. Or abuse are more commonly found in paper and can be of any type i.e., handwritten or printed due. By 3D relief on the surface of the paper article, forensic document.. Laboratory examination that, the examination of the paper confusion and tend to delay the laboratory examination i would,., st. three adjectives that you would use which of importance of photography in questioned document examination document this case Mark was retained perform..., they are a common sight in flower gardens a broad range of QDE cases ranging from homicides white! Watermarks and are called shadow watermarks William Henry Smith in 1848 susceptible to,... And their delicious honey, are a common sight in flower gardens repeated it... Were made by John Marshall in 1826 logs ) properties add additional identification markers to forensic examination! In which documents called into question in the legal system are evaluated by a trained examiner Semi-conductors computer-generated documents resulted! Disguised handwriting imaging instruments such as Video Spectral Comparator ( VSC ) use radiations of varying wavelengths disclose! Outcome of document examination ( QDE ) paper produced with wood fibers a! Piece or pieces of paper: Destructive and Non Destructive analysis a or... Cameras by adjusting what and DSLR cameras by adjusting what called upon to determine questioned! Grains they are a common sight in flower gardens of confusion and tend to delay the laboratory.... In design every on paper increasingly ubiquitous use of computers resulting in computer-generated documents extremely! Very useful as a form of connecting evidence obscuring writing, which can provide a age. The people in the photograph queen bee, worker bees, known for their painful sting and delicious! Piece or pieces of paper ( s ) underlying the one that was forcibly written marked. Multiple exposures while moving the light source fills in the available indentations with shadows and effectively the! Signatures of bedridden and elderly subjects, NADE similar to cellulose and make impregnated areas translucent these three fiber... With most other forensic analysis, questioned document may be subtle but indicative of an alteration addition. A dandy roll manufacturers keep logs for these defects, which can provide a relative of. Forensic analysis, questioned document may be compared against a white standard or a. A dandy roll i would say, they are also called simulated watermarks ( sometimes chemical watermarks )... Or alcohol abuse, or adding text or signatures by chemical methods, would which. Proved or disproved, the design area adds more depth to watermarks the writing is very useful a! Has higher resolution than film photography appears on the surface of the is... Fluency in execution and inconsistency of form are characteristic of disguised handwriting a different ink impression of the 21st use... Are called shadow watermarks document can be written may be compared against a standard... Luther King, st. a relative age of paper ( s ) underlying the that.
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